Investigation of Releasing Chamomile Essential Oil from Inserts with Cellulose Agar and Microcrystalline Cellulose Agar Films Used in Biotextronics Systems for Lower Urinary Tract Inflammation Treatment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS)
2.2.2. Preparing the Model Inserts
2.2.3. Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME)
- Temperature: 40 °C;
- Conditioning time: taq = 5 and 10 min;
- Extraction time: tex = 20 min;
- No mixing;
- Fiber: ternary DVB/CAR/PDMS (Sigma-Aldrich, USA).
2.2.4. Software Tools
3. Results
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Microorganisms | Type and Frequency of Infections |
---|---|
Escherichia coli | 80–85% non-hospital infections and 50% hospital infections |
Staphylococcus epidermidis | 5–10% infections |
Staphylococcus saprophyticus | 5–10% infections |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | mainly hospital infections |
Enterococcus faecalis | mainly hospital infections |
Staphylococcus aureus | mainly hospital infections |
Enterobacter sp. | mainly hospital infections |
Klebsiella pneumoniae | hospital infections, recurrent |
Proteus sp. | recurrent infections |
Serratia sp. | mainly hospital infections |
Mycobacterium sp. | mainly hospital infections; blood-borne infections may occur |
Neisseria gonorrhoeae | sexually transmitted bacteria |
Chalmydia trachomatis | sexually transmitted bacteria |
Candida albicans, Cryptococcus neoformans, Aspergillus sp. | blood-borne infection may occur |
Compound | Producer | Target of Using |
---|---|---|
Non-woven viscose | Lentex S.A. (Lodz, Poland) | Outer insert layer for EO immobilization |
Chamomile essential oil | Avicenna Oil® (Wroclaw, Poland) | Antibacterial activity |
Cellulose/Microcrystalline cellulose | RETTENMAIER Polska Sp. z o.o. (Warsaw, Poland) | Carrier for EO |
Agar-agar | Sigma-Aldrich® (Saint Louis, MO, USA) | Film for EO immobilization |
Organoleptic Description | Analytical Data | Chromatographic Profile |
---|---|---|
clear, viscous liquid, dark blue, with a characteristic odor | density (at 20 °C): 0.946–0.969 g/cm3 refractive index (at 20 °C): 1.496–1.516 | (-)-α-bisabolol: 10–65% chamazulene: ≥1.0% bisabolol oxide and (-)-α-bisabolol: ≥20% |
No. | Chemical Compounds | Content in EO [%] | Content According to Manufacturer’s Specifications Avicenna Oil [%] | Content According to European Pharmacopoeia 7 [%] |
---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Ethyl 2-methylbutyrate | 0.09 | NA | NA |
2 | α-Pinene | 0.01 | NA | NA |
3 | Propyl 2-methylbutanoate | 0.03 | NA | NA |
4 | β-Fellandren | 0.01 | NA | NA |
5 | Yomogi alcohol | 0.03 | NA | NA |
6 | β-Cymene | 0.05 | NA | NA |
7 | β-Terpineol | 0.02 | NA | NA |
8 | α-Pinene | 0.02 | NA | NA |
9 | β-cis-Ocymene | 0.20 | NA | NA |
10 | Ketone artemisia | 0.29 | NA | NA |
11 | γ-Terpinene | 0.09 | NA | NA |
12 | Alcohol artemisia | 0.05 | NA | NA |
13 | Borneol | 0.01 | NA | NA |
14 | Eliksen | 0.29 | NA | NA |
15 | Decanoic acid | 0.06 | NA | NA |
16 | α-Kopaene | 0.04 | NA | NA |
17 | β-Elemen | 0.20 | NA | NA |
18 | β-Kubeben | 0.06 | NA | NA |
19 | β-Caryophyllene | 0.08 | NA | NA |
20 | Aromadendren | 0.05 | NA | NA |
21 | β-Farnesen | 19.39 | NA | NA |
22 | Junipen | 0.31 | NA | NA |
23 | γ-Muurolen | 0.17 | NA | NA |
24 | β-Kubeben | 1.23 | NA | NA |
25 | α-Farnesen | 0.04 | NA | NA |
26 | β-Selinen | 0.13 | NA | NA |
27 | Aromadendren | 0.11 | NA | NA |
28 | Eliksen | 0.73 | NA | NA |
29 | α-Farnesen | 1.39 | NA | NA |
30 | α-Bisabolen | 0.13 | NA | NA |
31 | γ-Kadinen | 0.22 | NA | NA |
32 | β-Kadinen | 0.31 | NA | NA |
33 | Sesquisabinene hydrate | 0.04 | NA | NA |
34 | β-Santanol | 0.06 | NA | NA |
35 | β-Caryophyllene oxide | 0.03 | NA | NA |
36 | Sesquisabinene 7-epi-cis-hydrate | 0.08 | NA | NA |
37 | Megastigmatrienon | 0.08 | NA | NA |
38 | Denderalasine | 0.08 | NA | NA |
39 | Spatulenol | 0.50 | NA | NA |
40 | Isoaromedendrene epoxide | 0.03 | NA | NA |
41 | α-Akorenol | 0.10 | NA | NA |
42 | Epiglobulol | 0.05 | NA | NA |
43 | Ledol | 0.18 | NA | NA |
44 | β-Santalol | 0.14 | NA | NA |
45 | Limonene-6-yl pivalonate | 0.13 | NA | NA |
46 | Bisabolol oxide A | 0.37 | ≥20 | ≥20 |
47 | Spatulenol | 0.06 | NA | NA |
48 | τ-Kandinol | 0.68 | NA | NA |
49 | Bisabolol oxide B | 5.92 | NA | NA |
50 | Cyclohexanecarboxylic acid | 0.29 | NA | NA |
51 | α-Himachalane | 0.17 | NA | NA |
52 | Trans-2-Isopropylbicyclo[4.3.0]non-3-en-8-one | 4.26 | NA | NA |
53 | α-Bisabolol | 14.87 | 10–65 | 10–65 |
54 | Chamazulene | 2.23 | ≥1.0 | ≥1.0 |
55 | Bisabolol oxide A | 39.25 | NA | NA |
56 | Hexahydrofarnesyl acetate | 0.21 | NA | NA |
57 | 3-Piperidinopropyl-3-chlorobenzoate | 0.16 | NA | NA |
58 | cis-ene-yne-Dicycloether | 2.83 | NA | NA |
59 | Azulen-2-ol, 1,4-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethyl)- | 0.06 | NA | NA |
60 | Oleic acid | 0.02 | NA | NA |
61 | Linoleic acid | 0.08 | NA | NA |
62 | Ikozan | 0.17 | NA | NA |
63 | Heptakozan | 0.37 | NA | NA |
64 | Hydroquinone | 0.05 | NA | NA |
Time of Storage [Days] | Total Number of Identified Compounds | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
EO:C | EO:MC | |||||
1:1 | 1:2 | 1:3 | 1:1 | 1:2 | 1:3 | |
0 | 15 | 19 | 15 | 14 | 19 | 16 |
7 | 7 | 9 | 9 | 5 | 9 | 3 |
14 | 0 | 1 | 6 | 8 | 4 | 3 |
28 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
56 | 0 | 2 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
No. | Chemical Compounds | EO:C | EO:MC | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1:1 | 1:2 | 1:3 | 1:1 | 1:2 | 1:3 | ||
On the day of preparation | |||||||
1 | Ethyl 2-methylbutyrate | ND 1 | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.62 |
2 | α-Pinene | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND | 0.58 |
3 | β-Ocymene | 0.46 | 0.34 | ND | ND | 0.45 | 0.53 |
4 | β-Ocymene | 0.91 | 1.17 | ND | ND | 0.95 | 2.45 |
5 | Artemisia ketone | 1.05 | 1.04 | 0.46 | 0.80 | 0.97 | 2.54 |
6 | γ-Terpinen | 0.76 | 0.73 | ND | ND | 0.49 | 1.79 |
7 | β-Farnesene | 68.58 | 65.22 | 64.62 | 68.49 | 66.05 | 65.00 |
8 | α-Caryophyllene | 1.14 | 1.61 | ND | 1.00 | 1.23 | ND |
9 | 7-epi-1,2-Dehydrosesquicineol | ND | 0.44 | 0.40 | ND | 0.61 | ND |
10 | Aromadendren | 1.00 | 0.95 | 2.41 | 0.96 | 1.09 | ND |
11 | α-Amorphene | ND | 0.81 | 0.99 | ND | 0.91 | ND |
12 | α-Farnesene | 7.42 | 6.99 | 7.68 | 7.42 | 7.17 | 5.84 |
13 | β-Kubeben | ND | 6.97 | ND | ND | 6.86 | ND |
14 | Germacrene D | 7.36 | NA | 7.68 | 7.42 | ND | 5.80 |
15 | β-Caryophyllene | 2.22 | 2.30 | 2.50 | 2.46 | 2.20 | 1.72 |
16 | Bicyclogermacrene | 3.69 | 3.72 | 4.13 | 3.78 | 3.33 | 3.04 |
17 | δ-Kadinen | 2.15 | 2.01 | 2.49 | 1.92 | 2.26 | 2.43 |
18 | α-Bisabolol oxide B | ND | 0.40 | 0.52 | 0.64 | 0.67 | ND |
19 | α-Bisabolol | 1.31 | 2.13 | 1.68 | 2.03 | 1.90 | 2.30 |
20 | α-Bisabolone oxide A | 1.06 | 1.52 | 1.34 | 1.41 | 1.51 | 1.41 |
21 | Chamazulene | 0.88 | 0.69 | 1.55 | 0.50 | 0.31 | 1.97 |
22 | α-Bisabolol | ND | 0.95 | 1.55 | ND | ND | 1.97 |
23 | α-Bisabolol oxide A | ND | ND | ND | 1.16 | 1.03 | ND |
After 7 days | |||||||
1 | Artemisia ketone | 1.13 | 0.90 | 0.31 | 1.48 | 0.53 | 2.71 |
2 | β-Farnesene | 84.70 | 72.03 | 80.13 | 87.26 | 78.70 | 90.85 |
3 | Myrcene | ND | ND | 5.03 | ND | 0.53 | ND |
4 | α-Farnesene | ND | 6.89 | ND | ND | ND | ND |
5 | Aromadendren | ND | 3.30 | 2.36 | ND | 2.31 | ND |
6 | Germacrene D | 4.58 | 6.89 | 5.03 | 4.63 | 5.33 | ND |
7 | Selinen | 2.86 | ND | ND | ND | ND | ND |
8 | β-Caryophyllene | ND | ND | 2.00 | ND | ND | ND |
9 | Bicyclogermacrene | 2.26 | 3.06 | NA | ND | 2.20 | ND |
10 | δ-Kadinen | 3.15 | 2.52 | 1.93 | ND | 2.53 | ND |
11 | α-Bisabolol | ND | 2.48 | 1.76 | 2.46 | 1.51 | ND |
12 | α-Bisabolone oxide A | 1.32 | 1.91 | 1.44 | 4.18 | 1.57 | 6.44 |
After 14 days | |||||||
1 | Artemisia ketone | ND | ND | 3.06 | ND | 2.01 | ND |
2 | β-Farnesene | ND | 100 | 82.05 | 83.10 | 92.42 | 68.68 |
3 | α-Farnesene | ND | ND | 5.04 | 3.84 | ND | ND |
4 | β-Kubeben | ND | ND | 5.04 | ND | ND | ND |
5 | Germacrene D | ND | ND | ND | 3.84 | ND | ND |
6 | β-Caryophyllene | ND | ND | ND | 1.94 | ND | ND |
7 | Bicyclogermacrene | ND | ND | ND | 1.60 | ND | ND |
8 | δ-Kadinen | ND | ND | ND | 1.82 | ND | ND |
9 | α-Bisabolol | ND | ND | 2.14 | 1.51 | 2.10 | 19.12 |
10 | α-Bisabolone oxide A | ND | ND | 2.67 | 2.35 | 3.46 | 12.19 |
After 28 days | |||||||
1 | β-Farnesene | ND | 69.83 | 88.57 | 70.15 | 65.46 | ND |
2 | Germacrene D | ND | ND | 4.65 | ND | ND | ND |
3 | α-Bisabolol | ND | ND | 2.46 | ND | ND | ND |
4 | α-Bisabolone oxide A | ND | 30.17 | 4.31 | 29.85 | 34.54 | 100 |
After 56 days | |||||||
1 | β-Farnesene | ND | 53.06 | 38.54 | 45.80 | ND | ND |
2 | α-Bisabolol oxide B | ND | ND | 11.62 | ND | ND | ND |
3 | α-Bisabolol | ND | ND | 16.04 | ND | 47.41 | ND |
4 | α-Bisabolone oxide A | ND | 46.94 | 33.80 | 54.20 | 52.59 | 100 |
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Frydrysiak, E.; Śmigielski, K.; Kunicka-Styczyńska, A.; Frydrysiak, M. Investigation of Releasing Chamomile Essential Oil from Inserts with Cellulose Agar and Microcrystalline Cellulose Agar Films Used in Biotextronics Systems for Lower Urinary Tract Inflammation Treatment. Materials 2024, 17, 4119. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164119
Frydrysiak E, Śmigielski K, Kunicka-Styczyńska A, Frydrysiak M. Investigation of Releasing Chamomile Essential Oil from Inserts with Cellulose Agar and Microcrystalline Cellulose Agar Films Used in Biotextronics Systems for Lower Urinary Tract Inflammation Treatment. Materials. 2024; 17(16):4119. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164119
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrydrysiak, Emilia, Krzysztof Śmigielski, Alina Kunicka-Styczyńska, and Michał Frydrysiak. 2024. "Investigation of Releasing Chamomile Essential Oil from Inserts with Cellulose Agar and Microcrystalline Cellulose Agar Films Used in Biotextronics Systems for Lower Urinary Tract Inflammation Treatment" Materials 17, no. 16: 4119. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164119