Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Bacterial and Thermochemical Retting of Hemp
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods and Materials
2.1. Goal and Scope
2.2. System Boundary
2.3. Description of Processes
2.4. Life Cycle Inventory and Life Cycle Inventory Analysis
2.5. FTIR Spectroscopy
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Input | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Materials | Bacterial Retting | Chemical Retting | Unit | |
Raw hemp fiber | 1.25 | 1.82 | g | |
Enzyme | 0.63 | -- | g | |
Sodium hydroxide | -- | 4.55 | g | |
Water | 125.00 | 272.73 | mL | |
Electricity | Retting | 0.09 | 0.11 | kWh |
Stirring | 0.0038 | -- | kWh | |
Drying | 0.101 | 0.147 | kWh | |
Transport | Hemp | 56.25 | 81.82 | gkm |
Sodium hydroxide | -- | 11,818.18 | gkm | |
Enzyme | 1187.5 | -- | gkm | |
Waste flow | ||||
Wastewater | 31.25 | 272.73 | mL |
Impact Category | Unit | Thermochemical Retting | Bacterial Retting |
---|---|---|---|
Non-renewable, fossil | MJ | 2.82 | 2.18 |
Non-renewable, nuclear | MJ | 3.61 × 10−2 | −2.19 × 10−4 |
Non-renewable, biomass | MJ | 9.57 × 10−12 | 2.08 × 10−12 |
Renewable, biomass | MJ | 1.38 × 10−5 | 6.53 × 10−7 |
Renewable, wind, solar, geothermal | MJ | 2.00 × 10−4 | 5.70 × 10−7 |
Renewable, water | MJ | 4.51 × 10−3 | −1.70 × 10−5 |
Total non-renewable | MJ | 2.86 | 2.18 |
Total renewable | MJ | 4.72 × 10−3 | −1.58 × 10−5 |
Total energy | MJ | 2.862 | 2.179 |
Impact Category | Unit | Bacterial Retting | Thermochemical Retting |
---|---|---|---|
Ozone depletion | kg CFC-11 eq | −5.59 × 10−12 | 9.19 × 10−10 |
Global warming | kg CO2 eq | 1.32 × 10−1 | 1.67 × 10−1 |
Smog | kg O3 eq | 6.03 × 10−3 | 7.81 × 10−3 |
Acidification | kg SO2 eq | 1.18 × 10−3 | 1.54 × 10−3 |
Eutrophication | kg N eq | 1.27 × 10−5 | 8.49 × 10−6 |
Carcinogenics | CTUh | 3.36 × 10−10 | 4.20 × 10−10 |
Non-carcinogenics | CTUh | 5.36 × 10−9 | 7.19 × 10−9 |
Respiratory effects | kg PM2.5 eq | 5.99 × 10−5 | 7.90 × 10−5 |
Ecotoxicity | CTUe | 9.93 × 10−2 | 1.32 × 10−1 |
Fossil fuel depletion | MJ surplus | 1.92 × 10−1 | 2.50 × 10−1 |
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Fu, Y.; Gu, H.; Wu, H.F.; Shi, S.Q. Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Bacterial and Thermochemical Retting of Hemp. Materials 2024, 17, 4164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164164
Fu Y, Gu H, Wu HF, Shi SQ. Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Bacterial and Thermochemical Retting of Hemp. Materials. 2024; 17(16):4164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164164
Chicago/Turabian StyleFu, Yu, Hongmei Gu, H. Felix Wu, and Sheldon Q. Shi. 2024. "Comparative Life Cycle Assessment of Bacterial and Thermochemical Retting of Hemp" Materials 17, no. 16: 4164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17164164