Ion Tracks and Nanohillocks Created in Natural Zirconia Irradiated with Swift Heavy Ions
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experiments
3. Results
3.1. XRD Patterns of Unirradiated Samples
3.2. Ion Tracks and Nanohillocks in Natural Zirconia
3.3. Ion Tracks and Nanohillocks in Zirconia Nanoparticles
4. Discussion
4.1. Size of the Melt vs. Size of Nanohillocks
4.2. Anisotropic Recrystallization during Ion Track Formation
4.3. Dimension of the Strain Field Contrasts
4.4. Formation of Low-Density Cores
4.5. Particle Size Effect
4.6. Absence of Anisotropic Strain Field Very Close to the Surface in Natural Zirconia
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Lang, M.; Djurabekova, F.; Medvedev, N.; Toulemonde, M.; Trautmann, C. Fundamental Phenomena and Applications of Swift Heavy Ion Irradiations. In Comprehensive Nuclear Materials; Elsevier: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2020; pp. 485–516. [Google Scholar]
- Toulemonde, M.; Assmann, W.; Dufour, C.; Meftah, A.; Trautmann, C. Nanometric transformation of the matter by short and intense electronic excitation: Experimental data versus inelastic thermal spike model. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 2012, 277, 28–39. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szenes, G. Comparison of two thermal spike models for ion–solid interaction. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 2011, 269, 174–179. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Itoh, N.; Duffy, D.M.; Khakshouri, S.; Stoneham, A.M. Making tracks: Electronic excitation roles in forming swift heavy ion tracks. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 2009, 21, 474205. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meftah, A.; Brisard, F.; Costantini, J.M.; Dooryhee, E.; Hage-Ali, M.; Hervieu, M.; Stoquert, J.P.; Studer, F.; Toulemonde, M. Track formation in SiO2 quartz and the thermal-spike mechanism. Phys. Rev. B 1994, 49, 12457–12463. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Janse van Vuuren, A.; Saifulin, M.M.; Skuratov, V.A.; O’Connell, J.H.; Aralbayeva, G.; Dauletbekova, A.; Zdorovets, M. The influence of stopping power and temperature on latent track formation in YAP and YAG. Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 2019, 460, 67–73. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Saifulin, M.M.; O’Connell, J.H.; Janse van Vuuren, A.; Skuratov, V.A.; Kirilkin, N.S.; Zdorovets, M.V. Latent tracks in bulk yttrium-iron garnet crystals irradiated with low and high velocity krypton and xenon ions. Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 2019, 460, 98–103. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, W.; Wang, L.; Lang, M.; Trautmann, C.; Ewing, R.C. Thermal annealing mechanisms of latent fission tracks: Apatite vs. zircon. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2011, 302, 227–235. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sachan, R.; Pakarinen, O.H.; Liu, P.; Patel, M.K.; Chisholm, M.F.; Zhang, Y.; Wang, X.L.; Weber, W.J. Structure and band gap determination of irradiation-induced amorphous nano-channels in LiNbO3. J. Appl. Phys. 2015, 117, 135902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, S.; Lang, M.; Tracy, C.L.; Zhang, J.; Zhang, F.; Trautmann, C.; Rodriguez, M.D.; Kluth, P.; Ewing, R.C. Response of Gd2Ti2O7 and La2Ti2O7 to swift-heavy ion irradiation and annealing. Acta Mater. 2015, 93, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Toulemonde, M. Nanometric phase transformation of oxide materials under GeV energy heavy ion irradiation. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 1999, 156, 1–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lang, M.; Lian, J.; Zhang, F.; Hendriks, B.W.; Trautmann, C.; Neumann, R.; Ewing, R.C. Fission tracks simulated by swift heavy ions at crustal pressures and temperatures. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 2008, 274, 355–358. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Bursill, L.A.; Braunshausen, G. Heavy-ion irradiation tracks in zircon. Philos. Mag. A 1990, 62, 395–420. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Canut, B.; Ramos, S.; Bonardi, N.; Chaumont, J.; Bernas, H.; Cottereau, E. Defect creation by MeV clusters in LiNbO3. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 1997, 122, 335–338. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Canut, B.; Ramos, S.; Brenier, R.; Thevenard, P.; Loubet, J.; Toulemonde, M. Surface modifications of LiNbO3 single crystals induced by swift heavy ions. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 1996, 107, 194–198. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Takaki, S.; Yasuda, K.; Yamamoto, T.; Matsumura, S.; Ishikawa, N. Structure of ion tracks in ceria irradiated with high energy xenon ions. Prog. Nucl. Energy 2016, 92, 306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.; Lang, M.; Ewing, R.C.; Devanathan, R.; Weber, W.J.; Toulemonde, M. Nanoscale phase transitions under extreme conditions within an ion track. J. Mater. Res. 2010, 25, 1344–1351. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rymzhanov, R.A.; Medvedev, N.; Volkov, A.E.; O’Connell, J.H.; Skuratov, V.A. Overlap of swift heavy ion tracks in Al2O3. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 2018, 435, 121–125. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rymzhanov, R.A.; Medvedev, N.; O’Connell, J.H.; Van Vuuren, A.J.; Skuratov, V.A.; Volkov, A. Recrystallization as the governing mechanism of ion track formation. Sci. Rep. 2019, 9, 3837. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rymzhanov, R.A.; Medvedev, N.; O’Connell, J.H.; Skuratov, V.A.; Janse van Vuuren, A.; Gorbunov, S.A.; Volkov, A.E. Insights into different stages of formation of swift heavy ion tracks. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 2020, 473, 27–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rymzhanov, R.A.; O’Connell, J.; Van Vuuren, A.J.; Skuratov, V.A.; Medvedev, N.; Volkov, A. Insight into picosecond kinetics of insulator surface under ionizing radiation. J. Appl. Phys. 2020, 127, 015901. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Aumayr, F.; Facsko, S.; El-Said, A.S.; Trautmann, C.; Schleberger, M. Single ion induced surface nanostructures: A comparison between slow highly charged and swift heavy ions. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 2011, 23, 393001. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- El-Said, A.S.; Aumayr, F.; Della-Negra, S.; Neumann, R.; Schwartz, K.; Toulemonde, M.; Trautmann, C.; Voss, K.-O. Scanning force microscopy of surface damage created by fast C60 cluster ions in CaF2 and LaF3 single crystals. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 2007, 256, 313–318. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Muller, C.; Voss, K.O.; Lang, M.; Neumann, R. Correction of systematic errors in scanning force microscopy images with application to ion track micrographs. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 2003, 212, 318–325. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Popok, V.N.; Jensen, J.; Vuckovic, S.; Macková, A.; Trautmann, C. Formation of surface nanostructures on rutile (TiO2): Comparative study of low-energy cluster ion and high-energy monoatomic ion impact. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2009, 42, 205303. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Meftah, A.; Benhacine, H.; Benyagoub, A.; Grob, J.; Izerrouken, M.; Kadid, S.; Khalfaoui, N.; Stoquert, J.; Toulemonde, M.; Trautmann, C. Data consistencies of swift heavy ion induced damage creation in yttrium iron garnet analyzed by different techniques. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 2016, 366, 155–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khalfaoui, N.; Rotaru, C.; Bouffard, S.; Toulemonde, M.; Stoquert, J.; Haas, F.; Trautmann, C.; Jensen, J.; Dunlop, A. Characterization of swift heavy ion tracks in CaF2 by scanning force and transmission electron microscopy. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 2005, 240, 819–828. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Khalfaoui, N.; Rotaru, C.; Bouffard, S.; Jacquet, E.; Lebius, H.; Toulemonde, M. Study of swift heavy ion tracks on crystalline quartz surfaces. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 2003, 209, 165–169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ishikawa, N.; Taguchi, T.; Ogawa, H. Comprehensive Understanding of Hillocks and Ion Tracks in Ceramics Irradiated with Swift Heavy Ions. Quantum Beam Sci. 2020, 4, 43. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ishikawa, N.; Taguchi, T.; Okubo, N. Hillocks created for amorphizable and non-amorphizable ceramics irradiated with swift heavy ions: TEM study. Nanotechnology 2017, 28, 445708. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ishikawa, N.; Taguchi, T.; Kitamura, A.; Szenes, G.; Toimil-Molares, M.E.; Trautmann, C. TEM analysis of ion tracks and hillocks produced by swift heavy ions of different velocities in Y3Fe5O12. J. Appl. Phys. 2020, 127, 055902. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Connell, J.H.; Lee, M.E.; Skuratov, V.A.; Rymzhanov, R.A. SHI induced tetragonal tracks in natural zirconia. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 2020, 473, 1–5. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Connell, J.H.; Lee, M.E.; Skuratov, V.A. Observation of stabilized tetragonal latent tracks induced by single SHI impacts in monoclinic natural zirconia at room temperature. Acta Phys. Pol. A 2019, 136, 237. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schuster, B.; Fujara, F.; Merk, B.; Neumann, R.; Seidl, T.; Trautmann, C. Response behavior of ZrO2 under swift heavy ion irradiation with and without external pressure. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 2012, 277, 45–52. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Benyagoub, A.; Levesque, F.; Couvreur, F.; Gibert-Mougel, C.; Dufour, C.; Paumier, E. Evidence of a phase transition induced in zirconia by high energy heavy ions. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2000, 77, 3197–3199. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Benyagoub, A. Complete phase transformation in zirconia induced by very high electronic excitations. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 2010, 268, 2968–2971. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, F.; Wang, J.; Lang, M.; Toulemonde, M.; Namavar, F.; Trautmann, C.; Zhang, J.; Ewing, R.C.; Lian, J. Amorphization of nanocrystalline monoclinic ZrO2 by swift heavy ion irradiation. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 2012, 14, 12295–12300. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lokesha, H.S.; Nagabhushana, K.R.; Singh, F.; Thejavathi, N.R.; Tatumi, S.H.; Prinsloo, A.R.E.; Sheppard, C.J. 120 MeV swift Au9+ ion induced phase transition in ZrO2: Monoclinic to tetragonal and cubic to tetragonal structure. J. Phys. Condens. Matter 2023, 35, 135401. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Nikiforov, S.; Dauletbekova, A.; Gerasimov, M.; Kasatkina, Y.; Denisova, O.; Lisitsyn, V.; Golkovski, M.; Akylbekova, A.; Bazarbek, A.-D.; Akilbekov, A.; et al. Thermoluminescent and Dosimetric Properties of Zirconium Dioxide Ceramics Irradiated with High Doses of Pulsed Electron Beam. Crystals 2023, 13, 1585. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ananchenko, D.V.; Nikiforov, S.V.; Sobyanin, K.V.; Konev, S.F.; Dauletbekova, A.K.; Akhmetova-Abdik, G.; Akilbekov, A.T.; Popov, A.I. Paramagnetic Defects and Thermoluminescence in Irradiated Nanostructured Monoclinic Zirconium Dioxide. Materials 2022, 15, 8624. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ziegler, J.F.; Biersack, J.P.; Littmark, U. The Stopping and Range of Ions in Solids; Pergamon: New York, NY, USA, 1985. [Google Scholar]
- Ziegler, J.F. SRIM-2003. Nucl. Instrum. Methods B 2004, 219, 1027–1036. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Momma, K.; Izumi, F. VESTA 3 for three-dimensional visualization of crystal, volumetric and morphology data. J. Appl. Crystallogr. 2011, 44, 1272–1276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fedorov, P.P.; Yarotskaya, E.G. Zirconium dioxide. Review. Condens. Matter Interphases 2021, 23, 169–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- De la Rosa-Cruz, E.; Díaz-Torres, L.A.; Salas, P.; Castaño, V.M.; Hernández, J.M. Evidence of non-radiative energy transfer from the host to the active ions in monoclinic ZrO2:Sm3+. J. Phys. D Appl. Phys. 2001, 34, L83–L86. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jafarpour, M.; Rezapour, E.; Ghahramaninezhad, M.; Rezaeifard, A. A novel protocol for selective synthesis of monoclinic zirconia nanoparticles as a heterogeneous catalyst for condensation of 1,2-diamines with 1,2-dicarbonyl compounds. N. J. Chem. 2014, 38, 676–682. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jenkins, M.L.; Kirk, M.A. Characterisation of Radiation Damage by Transmission Electron Microscopy; CRC Press: Boca Raton, FL, USA, 2000; ISBN 9780750307482. [Google Scholar]
- Szenes, G. General features of latent track formation in magnetic insulators irradiated with swift heavy ions. Phys. Rev. B 1995, 51, 8026–8029. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Szenes, G. Materials parameters and ion-induced track formation. Radiat. Eff. Defects Solids 2020, 175, 241. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szenes, G. Monoatomic and cluster ion irradiation induced amorphous tracks in yttrium iron garnet. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 1998, 146, 420–425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Szenes, G. Information provided by a thermal spike analysis on the microscopic processes of track formation. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 2002, 191, 54–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Arnold, B. Zirconium Oxide: A Versatile Material. In Zircon, Zirconium, Zirconia—Similar Names, Different Materials; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Trachenko, K. Understanding resistance to amorphization by radiation damage. J. Phys. Condens. Matter. 2004, 16, R1491–R1515. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sattonnay, G.; Thome, L.; Sellami, N.; Monnet, I.; Grygiel, C.; Legros, C.; Tétot, R. Experimental approach and atomistic simulations to investigate the radiation tolerance of complex oxides: Application to the amorphization of pyrochlores. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 2014, 326, 228–233. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yang, J.; Shahid, M.; Wan, C.; Jing, F.; Pan, W. Anisotropy in elasticity, sound velocities and minimum thermal conductivity of zirconia from first-principles calculations. J. Eur. Ceram. Soc. 2017, 37, 689–695. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Noh, H.J.; Seo, D.S.; Kim, H.; Lee, J.K. Synthesis and crystallization of anisotropic shaped ZrO2 nanocrystalline powders by hydrothermal process. Mater. Lett. 2003, 57, 2425–2431. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ors, T.; Gouraud, F.; Michel, V.; Huger, M.; Gey, N.; Micha, J.S.; Castelnau, O.; Guinebretière, R. Huge local elastic strains in bulk nanostructured pure zirconia materials. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 2021, 806, 140817. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Schattat, B.; Bolse, W.; Klaumünzer, S.; Zizak, I.; Scholz, R. Cylindrical nanopores in NiO induced by swift heavy ions. Appl. Phys. Lett. 2005, 87, 173110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sequeira, M.C.; Mattei, J.G.; Vazquez, H.; Djurabekova, F.; Nordlund, K.; Monnet, I.; Mota-Santiago, P.; Kluth, P.; Grygiel, C.; Zhang, S.; et al. Unravelling the secrets of the resistance of GaN to strongly ionising radiation. Commun. Phys 2021, 4, 51. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ishikawa, N.; Okubo, N.; Taguchi, T. Experimental evidence of crystalline hillocks created by irradiation of CeO2 with swift heavy ions: TEM study. Nanotechnology 2015, 26, 355701. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Rymzhanov, R.A.; Medvedev, N.; Volkov, A.E. Damage kinetics induced by swift heavy ion impacts onto films of different thicknesses. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2021, 566, 150640. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jensen, J.; Dunlop, A.; Della-Negra, S. Tracks induced in CaF2 by MeV cluster irradiation. Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res. Sect. B Beam Interact. Mater. At. 1998, 141, 753–762. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Park, B.; Lee, J.K.; Koch, C.T.; Wölz, M.; Geelhaar, L.; Oh, S.H. High-resolution mapping of strain partitioning and relaxation in InGaN/GaN nanowire heterostructures. Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, 2200323. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ibrayeva, A.; O’Connell, J.; Mutali, A.; Rymzhanov, R.; Skuratov, V. Transmission Electron Microscopy and Molecular Dynamic Study of Ion Tracks in Nanocrystalline Y2Ti2O7: Particle Size Effect on Track Formation Threshold. Crystals 2023, 13, 1534. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Connell, J.H.; Aralbayeva, G.; Skuratov, V.A.; Saifulin, M.; Janse van Vuuren, A.; Akilbekov, A.; Zdorovets, M. Temperature Dependence of Swift Heavy Ion Irradiation Induced Hillocks in TiO2. Mater. Res. Express 2018, 5, 055015. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- O’Connell, J.; Skuratov, V.; Janse van Vuuren, A.; Saifulin, M.; Akilbekov, A. Near surface latent track morphology of SHI irradiated TiO2. Phys. Status Solidi (B) 2018, 253, 2144–2149. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kuzovkov, V.N.; Kotomin, E.A.; Lushchik, A.; Popov, A.I.; Shablonin, E. The annealing kinetics of the F-type defects in MgAl2O4 spinel single crystals irradiated by swift heavy ions. Opt. Mater. 2024, 147, 114733. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Ishikawa, N.; Fukuda, S.; Nakajima, T.; Ogawa, H.; Fujimura, Y.; Taguchi, T. Ion Tracks and Nanohillocks Created in Natural Zirconia Irradiated with Swift Heavy Ions. Materials 2024, 17, 547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17030547
Ishikawa N, Fukuda S, Nakajima T, Ogawa H, Fujimura Y, Taguchi T. Ion Tracks and Nanohillocks Created in Natural Zirconia Irradiated with Swift Heavy Ions. Materials. 2024; 17(3):547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17030547
Chicago/Turabian StyleIshikawa, Norito, Shoma Fukuda, Toru Nakajima, Hiroaki Ogawa, Yuki Fujimura, and Tomitsugu Taguchi. 2024. "Ion Tracks and Nanohillocks Created in Natural Zirconia Irradiated with Swift Heavy Ions" Materials 17, no. 3: 547. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17030547