Effect of SF and GGBS on Pore Structure and Transport Properties of Concrete
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Raw Material
2.2. Sample Preparation
- (1)
- Weighing: weighing the raw materials according to the mix proportion in Table 3, the percentage of gel material was determined based on the cement’s mass and the W/B is the ratio of the mass of water and gel material. A, B, and C are the corresponding numbers for the three concrete comparisons in the table.
- (2)
- Mixing: firstly, the cement, aggregate, and mineral admixture was poured into the mixer in turn, dragged to mix for 3 min, and then 1/2 of the water was added and mixed for 3 min; finally, we poured in the remaining 1/2 of the water and water reducing agent and mixed. The mixture was then be discharged after it had good fluidity. The mixer used in this study is a forced single-axis mixer with a speed of 45 rpm, which conforms to the national standard GB/T 10171-2016 [37].
- (3)
- Forming: wipe the molds required for subsequent performance tests clean and then evenly apply a layer of release agent to each surface inside. The use of molds was in line with the construction industry standard JG237-2008 [38]. The evenly mixed concrete mixture was poured into the mold, placed on a vibrating table for compaction, and the surface of the concrete was screeded. The surface was smoothed and then covered with a layer of plastic film to prevent the loss of free water. The sample required for this experiment is 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm cube.
- (4)
- Demolding and curing: the samples were demolded approximately 24 h after casting and then cured in the water at a temperature of 20 ± 2 °C
- (5)
- After the samples were cured to the specified age, we cut the 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm cubes into Φ 50 × 100 mm cylinders for subsequent tests.
2.3. Experimental Methods
2.3.1. Microscopic Tests
- (1)
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) test
- (2)
- Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry (MIP) test
2.3.2. Permeability Test
- (1)
- Gas permeability test
- (2)
- Capillary water absorption test
3. Results and Analysis
3.1. Pore Structure
3.1.1. NMR Test
3.1.2. MIP Test
3.2. Transport Properties
3.2.1. Gas Permeability
- (1)
- Apparent gas permeability
- (2)
- Intrinsic gas permeability
3.2.2. Capillary Water Absorption
3.3. Relationship between Pore Structure and Permeability
3.3.1. Relationship between Porosity and Permeability
3.3.2. Relationship between Pore Size and Permeability
4. Conclusions
- Based on the NMR and MIP test results, the incorporation of SF and GGBS significantly reduced the most probable pore size and the content of harmful pores in concrete. When incorporated at lower substitution rates, silica fume had a more pronounced impact on the pore structure of concrete materials than Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag. It is clear that different combinations of mineral admixtures can produce concretes with better performance, and the selection of these combinations should be based on the physical properties associated with the expected performance of the concrete.
- GGBS replacement without SF had no significant effect on the transport properties. To reduce the permeability, the incorporation of SF in concrete is very effective. In binary systems, adding SF refined the pore structure and improved the transport properties more than GGBS by decreasing the proportion of capillary pores, even with only a 15% addition. However, in ternary systems, SF and GGBS synergistically did not show a significant effect on the permeability. Furthermore, the experimental findings strongly suggest that both the median and most probable pore sizes in concrete significantly impact its transport properties.
- Distinct differences exist in the porosity and pore size distribution, as determined by Mercury Intrusion Porosimetry and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance tests. It was observed that NMR proves valuable in ascertaining microscopic porosity, while MIP exhibits proficiency in identifying macro-porosity. However, variations in specimen size and sample pretreatment introduced a degree of randomness into the MIP measurements. NMR test outcomes are potentially more representative of the real porosity of concrete, but it is also critical to understand how metallic components in concrete materials affect things.
- The results of contributing porosity for different pore sizes show the following: An increase in <10 nm pores has a positive effect on reducing the gas permeability coefficient and the capillary late absorption coefficient of concrete. In the ranges of 10–100 nm and 10–1000 nm, the gas permeability coefficient and the capillary late absorption coefficient both increase with the increase in contributing porosity, which show highly correlated positive correlations, but the correlation between gas permeability and contributing porosity correlates better than capillary water absorption. Pores > 1000 nm correlate poorly with gas permeability but show a highly correlated positive correlation with the capillary initial water absorption coefficient.
5. Future Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Screen Size (mm) | Cumulative Sieve Residue (%) | |
---|---|---|
Coarse Aggregate | Fine Aggregate | |
26.5 | 0 | 0 |
19.0 | 9.7 | 0 |
16.0 | 22.6 | 0 |
9.50 | 61.7 | 0 |
4.75 | 89.3 | 5.1 |
2.36 | 99.1 | 15.3 |
1.18 | / | 26.2 |
0.6 | / | 41.8 |
0.3 | / | 69.1 |
0.015 | / | 90.4 |
Screen tray | 100.0 | 100.0 |
Binders | Chemical Compositions (%) | Specific Surface Area (m2/kg) | Density (g/cm3) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | MgO | Fe2O3 | SO3 | Cl− | |||
C | 59.27 | 20.86 | 9.28 | 2.6 | 3.74 | 1.85 | 0.04 | 349 | 3.10 |
SF | - | 96.2 | - | 0.80 | 0.13 | - | 0.07 | 20,000 | 2.23 |
GGBS | 35.30 | 34.50 | 16.70 | 5.01 | 1.50 | 1.24 | - | 628 | 2.93 |
Group | Binder kg/m³ | Binder Composition (%) | W/B | Water kg/m³ | Superplasticizer kg/m³ | Coarse Aggregate kg/m³ | Fine Aggregate kg/m³ | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
C | SF | GGBS | |||||||
A | 900 | 85 | 15 | 0 | 0.25 | 225 | 18 | 616 | 923 |
B | 900 | 85 | 0 | 15 | 0.25 | 225 | 18 | 616 | 923 |
C | 900 | 85 | 7.5 | 7.5 | 0.25 | 225 | 18 | 616 | 923 |
Method | Porosity (%) | Contributive Porosity within Different Range of Pore Size in Concrete (%) | Median Pore Size (nm) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<10 nm | 10–100 nm | 100–1000 nm | >1000 nm | ||||
NMR | A | 2.26 | 29.44 | 42.47 | 17.18 | 10.91 | 13.16 |
B | 3.93 | 11.75 | 63.88 | 8.79 | 15.58 | 26.44 | |
C | 5.35 | 41.45 | 26.56 | 17.98 | 14.01 | 11.45 |
Method | Porosity (%) | Most Probable Pore Size (nm) | Critical Pore Size (nm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|
MIP | A | 4.38 | 40.277 | 95.451 |
B | 9.82 | 95.474 | 120.991 | |
C | 6.45 | 26.292 | 50.348 |
Group | Confinement Pressures (MPa) | Inlet Pressures (bar) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Pi = 5 | Pi = 10 | Pi = 15 | ||
A | 3 | 8.33 × 10−18 | 7.63 × 10−18 | 7.36 × 10−18 |
5 | 7.54 × 10−18 | 6.18 × 10−18 | 6.39 × 10−18 | |
10 | 5.91 × 10−18 | 4.78 × 10−18 | 4.46 × 10−18 | |
B | 3 | 1.58 × 10−17 | 1.37 × 10−17 | 1.24 × 10−17 |
5 | 1.34 × 10−17 | 1.20 × 10−17 | 1.14 × 10−17 | |
10 | 1.03 × 10−17 | 9.37 × 10−18 | 9.13 × 10−18 | |
C | 3 | 8.10 × 10−18 | 7.91 × 10−18 | 6.93 × 10−18 |
5 | 6.32 × 10−18 | 5.56 × 10−18 | 5.16 × 10−18 | |
10 | 4.08 × 10−18 | 3.81 × 10−18 | 3.65 × 10−18 |
Confining Pressure (MPa) | A | B | C |
---|---|---|---|
3 | 6.93 × 10−18 | 1.11 × 10−17 | 6.39 × 10−18 |
5 | 5.59 × 10−18 | 1.06 × 10−17 | 4.70 × 10−18 |
10 | 3.79 × 10−18 | 8.60 × 10−18 | 3.49 × 10−18 |
Initial Stage | Late Stage | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
K1 | R2 | K2 | R2 | |
A | 0.0199 | 0.9628 | 0.0108 | 0.9949 |
B | 0.0244 | 0.9818 | 0.0119 | 0.9965 |
C | 0.0226 | 0.9474 | 0.0109 | 0.9991 |
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Chen, W.; Wu, M.; Liang, Y. Effect of SF and GGBS on Pore Structure and Transport Properties of Concrete. Materials 2024, 17, 1365. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17061365
Chen W, Wu M, Liang Y. Effect of SF and GGBS on Pore Structure and Transport Properties of Concrete. Materials. 2024; 17(6):1365. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17061365
Chicago/Turabian StyleChen, Wei, Mengmeng Wu, and Yue Liang. 2024. "Effect of SF and GGBS on Pore Structure and Transport Properties of Concrete" Materials 17, no. 6: 1365. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17061365