Simulation of the Service Environment and Selection of the Refractory Lining for a Heat Recovery Coke Oven
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods of Numerical Simulation
2.1. Model of Geometry
2.2. Governing Equation
- (1)
- Turbulence model
- (2)
- Heat transfer model
2.3. Boundary Conditions and Parameters
2.4. Assumptions and Solution Methods
- a.
- The reaction of volatiles with air is set as a standard finite rate model.
- b.
- The heat transfer coefficient between the fluid inside the HRCO and the lining is constant.
- c.
- The chemical reaction of volatiles with air in the carbonization chamber is not taken into account in the volatiles’ precipitation route.
- d.
- The gases like methane (CH4), hydrogen (H2), carbon monoxide (CO) and water vapor (H2O) are released during the coal pyrolysis process at a high temperature. These gases are assumed to move in a mass flow from the bottom to the center of the carbonization chamber.
- e.
- The gas is set as incompressible ideal gas.
- f.
- The exterior of the coke oven is characterized as a gray body, with its emissivity considered as a constant value.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. The Internal Working Condition of an HRCO
3.1.1. The Internal Working Temperature of an HRCO
3.1.2. The Internal Working Pressure of an HRCO
3.1.3. The Internal Gas Velocity of an HRCO
3.1.4. The Internal Thermal Stress of an HRCO
3.2. Proposal of a Reference for Evaluating Silica Bricks
3.3. Evaluation of the Feasibility of the Reference
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Title | Equation | NO. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mass conservation equation | (1) | |||
Momentum conservation equation | (2) | |||
Energy equation | (3) | |||
Turbulent momentum equation | (4) | |||
Turbulent energy equation | (5) | |||
P1 model | (6) | |||
(7) | ||||
Symbol | ||||
continuous phase density [kg·m−3] | turbulent kinetic energy from buoyancy [kg⸱m−1·s−1] | |||
mass source term | YM | fluctuations from over-diffusion [kg⸱m−1·s−1] | ||
time [h] | ||||
gas velocity in the i direction [m·s−1] | 1.44 | |||
gas velocity in the j direction [m·s−1] | 1.91 | |||
𝜏ij | viscous stress [N·m−3] | 0.025 | ||
external volume force and gravitational volume force in the i direction [N⸱m−3] | ||||
gas pressure [Pa] | radiation absorption coefficient | |||
coefficient of thermal conductivity [W⸱m−1⸱K−1] | scattering coefficient | |||
gas density [kg⸱m−3] | incoming radiation | |||
specific heat capacity of gas [J⸱kg−1⸱K−1] | coefficients of linear each-phase anisotropy phase function | |||
furnace wall temperature [K] | radiation constant, 5.67 × 10−8 [W⸱m−2⸱K−4] | |||
turbulent kinetic energy [m2·s−1] | radiation source term | |||
dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy [m2·s−1] | heat radiation | |||
turbulent kinetic energy generated by laminar velocity gradients [kg⸱m−1·s−1] | positive projection area of fluid and model contact surface [m2] |
Project | CH4 [%] | H2 [%] | CO [%] | CO2 [%] | Air [%] | Gas Flow [kg/s] | Velocity [m/s] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Combustion chamber | 25.5 | 59.2 | 6 | 2.4 | 6.9 | / | 5 |
Carbonization chamber | 29 | 35 | 10 | 0.06 | 25.94 | 0.6 | / |
Air inlet 1 | / | / | / | / | 100 | / | 12 |
Air inlet 2 | / | / | / | / | 100 | / | 3 |
Sample | Young’s Modulus [GPa] | Thermal Expansion Coefficient [10−6 °C−1] | Thermal Conductivity [W/(m·K)] | Average Thermal Stress [MPa] | Top Temperature of PW [°C] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | 20 | 10.5 | 2 | 14.87 | 1003.4 |
2 | 20 | 11.0 | 2.1 | 16.01 | 1020.1 |
3 | 20 | 11.5 | 2.2 | 17.65 | 1042.3 |
4 | 20 | 12.0 | 2.3 | 19.29 | 1061.8 |
5 | 20 | 12.5 | 2.4 | 21.04 | 1083.5 |
6 | 20 | 13.0 | 2.5 | 22.89 | 1101.8 |
7 | 21 | 10.5 | 2 | 18.32 | 1003.4 |
8 | 21 | 11.0 | 2.1 | 20.13 | 1020.1 |
9 | 21 | 11.5 | 2.2 | 21.76 | 1042.3 |
10 | 21 | 12.0 | 2.3 | 22.82 | 1061.8 |
11 | 21 | 12.5 | 2.4 | 23.84 | 1083.5 |
12 | 21 | 13.0 | 2.5 | 24.88 | 1101.8 |
13 | 22 | 10.5 | 2 | 20.13 | 1003.4 |
14 | 22 | 11.0 | 2.1 | 21.80 | 1020.1 |
15 | 22 | 11.5 | 2.2 | 22.98 | 1042.3 |
16 | 22 | 12.0 | 2.3 | 23.83 | 1061.8 |
17 | 22 | 12.5 | 2.4 | 24.73 | 1083.5 |
18 | 22 | 13.0 | 2.5 | 25.61 | 1101.8 |
19 | 23 | 10.5 | 2 | 26.06 | 1003.4 |
20 | 23 | 11.0 | 2.1 | 21.97 | 1020.1 |
21 | 23 | 11.5 | 2.2 | 23.05 | 1042.3 |
22 | 23 | 12.0 | 2.3 | 24.14 | 1061.8 |
23 | 23 | 12.5 | 2.4 | 24.86 | 1083.5 |
24 | 23 | 13.0 | 2.5 | 26.06 | 1101.8 |
25 | 24 | 10.5 | 2 | 23.18 | 1003.4 |
26 | 24 | 11.0 | 2.1 | 23.76 | 1020.1 |
27 | 24 | 11.5 | 2.2 | 24.73 | 1042.3 |
28 | 24 | 12.0 | 2.3 | 25.61 | 1061.8 |
29 | 24 | 12.5 | 2.4 | 26.63 | 1083.5 |
30 | 24 | 13.0 | 2.5 | 25.35 | 1101.8 |
31 | 25 | 10.5 | 2 | 26.22 | 1003.4 |
32 | 25 | 11.0 | 2.1 | 27.01 | 1020.1 |
33 | 25 | 11.5 | 2.2 | 27.66 | 1042.3 |
34 | 25 | 12.0 | 2.3 | 28.47 | 1061.8 |
35 | 25 | 12.5 | 2.4 | 29.16 | 1083.5 |
36 | 25 | 13.0 | 2.5 | 30.03 | 1101.8 |
Project | Traditional Silica Brick | Optimized Silica Brick | |
---|---|---|---|
Young’s modulus [GPa] | 22 | 23 | |
Thermal conductivity [W (m⸱K)] | 2.14 | 2.40 | |
0.2 MPa refractoriness under load [°C] | 1669 | 1681 | |
Thermal expansion coefficient [10−6 °C−1] | 1000 °C | 13.4 | 14.4 |
1100 °C | 12.1 | 13.1 | |
1200 °C | 10.9 | 11.8 | |
1300 °C | 9.2 | 10.5 | |
average | 11.4 | 12.5 | |
High-temperature compressive strength [MPa] | 1000 °C | 26.9 | 50.1 |
1100 °C | 18.6 | 39.9 | |
1200 °C | 16.3 | 30.7 | |
1300 °C | 15.0 | 26.0 | |
average | 19.2 | 36.6 |
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Zhou, Y.; Zhang, L.; Wang, E.; Xu, E.; He, Z.; Yang, T.; Hou, X. Simulation of the Service Environment and Selection of the Refractory Lining for a Heat Recovery Coke Oven. Materials 2024, 17, 1565. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071565
Zhou Y, Zhang L, Wang E, Xu E, He Z, Yang T, Hou X. Simulation of the Service Environment and Selection of the Refractory Lining for a Heat Recovery Coke Oven. Materials. 2024; 17(7):1565. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071565
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhou, Yuansheng, Lixin Zhang, Enhui Wang, Enxia Xu, Zhijun He, Tao Yang, and Xinmei Hou. 2024. "Simulation of the Service Environment and Selection of the Refractory Lining for a Heat Recovery Coke Oven" Materials 17, no. 7: 1565. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071565