Strain Monitoring of Concrete Using Carbon Black-Based Smart Coatings
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Background
2.1. Advances in Structural Health Monitoring
2.2. Physical and Electrical Influence of Carbon Black in Cementitious Matrices
2.3. Electromechanical Sensing Property of Smart Cementitious Sensors
2.3.1. Bulk Applications
Reference | Cementitious Type | CB Dosage [wt%] | Electrical Conductivity [S/m] | Gauge Factor |
---|---|---|---|---|
[70] | Paste | 2.0 | 1.3 × 10−4 | 340 |
[21] | Paste | 1.0 | 1 × 10−4 | 96 |
[62] | Paste | 1.5 | 0.9 × 10−4 | 169 |
2.0 | 40 × 10−4 | 47 | ||
[66] | Mortar | 8.0 | 1.2 | 95 |
[67] | Mortar | 7.0 | 0.47 | 30 |
10.0 | 22.0 | 24 | ||
[48] | Mortar | 1.5 | 0.22 | 57 |
[85] | Mortar | 5 | 5.88 × 10−2 | 111 |
6 | 38.5 × 10−2 | 516 | ||
[86] | Mortar | 6 | 0.56 × 10−2 | 150 |
9 | 111.1 × 10−2 | 375 | ||
[36] | Concrete | 0.3 | 4.8 × 10−3 | 11 |
0.5 | 5.7 × 10−3 | 15 | ||
0.8 | 7.7 × 10−3 | 34 | ||
1.0 | 8.0 × 10−3 | 57 | ||
1.3 | 8.3 × 10−3 | 110 | ||
1.5 | 20 × 10−3 | 134 | ||
1.8 | 20 × 10−3 | 110 | ||
2.0 | 40 × 10−3 | 96 | ||
[71] | Mortar | 10 | 2.49 × 10−2 | 224 |
12.5 | 2.76 × 10−2 | 141 | ||
15 | 3.87 × 10−2 | 185 | ||
[87] | Mortar | 6 | 0.56 × 10−2 | 390 |
9 | 111.1 × 10−2 | 530 | ||
[88] | Mortar | 6 | 0.11 | 253 |
9 | 0.67 | 154 |
2.3.2. Coating Applications
2.4. Research Significance
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Materials
3.2. Sample Preparation
3.3. Experimental Program
3.3.1. Physical Testing
3.3.2. Electrical Testing
3.3.3. Electromechanical Testing
4. Results
4.1. Carbon Black Characterisation
Thermogravimetric Analysis
4.2. Influence of CB Dosage on the Physical Properties of the Coating Composite
4.2.1. Viscosity
4.2.2. Hydration Growth
4.2.3. Flexural Strength
4.2.4. Adhesion Strength
4.3. Influence of CB Concentration on Composite’s Electrical Properties
4.4. Electromechanical Testing
5. Overview and Recommendations
6. Conclusions
- The incorporation of CB into cement pastes influences workability and mechanical strength adversely, while it beneficially accelerates the hydration process.
- Low dosages of carbon black (i.e., 2.5 wt% or 13.5 vol%) in cement pastes are effective in increasing electrical conductivity.
- Carbon black-based smart coatings demonstrated a significant strain monitoring capability for concrete structures, highlighting their applicability in assessing and ensuring the structural integrity of concrete elements.
- The optimal trade-off between physical, electrical, and electromechanical properties was accomplished by smart cementitious sensors including 2 wt% of carbon black.
- A thinner sensor configuration (thickness = 3 mm) with electrodes distanced along the entire constant bending moment region (gauge length = 60 mm) provided the highest flexural strain sensitivity.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Appearance (colour) | Black |
Form | Powder |
Ash (%) | ≤0.50 |
Electrical resistivity (Ω∙cm) | ≤0.25 |
pH | 7.6 |
Moisture (%) | 0.12 |
Average particle size (nm) | 42 |
Surface area (m2/g) | 75 |
Bulk density (g/L) | 170–230 |
Cement | Water | Fine Aggregate | Coarse Aggregate |
---|---|---|---|
395 | 178 | 829 | 1184 |
Name | Cement | Water | Carbon Black | Dispersant | CB Dosage [wt%] | CB Dosage [vol%] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CTRL | 2950.0 | 1327.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
CB0.1 | 2948.6 | 2.9 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.6 | |
CB1 | 2935.6 | 29.2 | 2.9 | 1.0 | 5.9 | |
CB2 | 2921.2 | 57.8 | 5.8 | 2.0 | 11.1 | |
CB2.5 | 2914.0 | 72.0 | 7.2 | 2.5 | 13.5 | |
CB3 | 2906.8 | 85.9 | 8.6 | 3.0 | 15.7 | |
CB4 | 2892.4 | 113.5 | 11.3 | 4.0 | 19.9 | |
CB5 | 2878.0 | 140.5 | 14.1 | 5.0 | 23.6 |
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Milone, G.; Vlachakis, C.; Tulliani, J.-M.; Al-Tabbaa, A. Strain Monitoring of Concrete Using Carbon Black-Based Smart Coatings. Materials 2024, 17, 1577. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071577
Milone G, Vlachakis C, Tulliani J-M, Al-Tabbaa A. Strain Monitoring of Concrete Using Carbon Black-Based Smart Coatings. Materials. 2024; 17(7):1577. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071577
Chicago/Turabian StyleMilone, Gabriele, Christos Vlachakis, Jean-Marc Tulliani, and Abir Al-Tabbaa. 2024. "Strain Monitoring of Concrete Using Carbon Black-Based Smart Coatings" Materials 17, no. 7: 1577. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071577