Synthesis of BiOX-Red Mud/Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Geopolymer Microspheres for Photocatalytic Degradation of Formaldehyde
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Method
2.1. Raw Materials
2.2. Characterization Methods
2.3. Preparation of RGGMs and BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I)-RGGMs
2.4. Photocatalytic Performance Evaluation
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Synthesis and Microscopic Morphology of RGGMs
3.1.1. Effect of Red Mud Dosing on the Sphericity of Microspheres
3.1.2. Effect of NaOH Concentration on the Sphericity of Microspheres
3.1.3. Effect of Liquid–Solid Ratio on the Sphericity of Microspheres
3.2. Mineral Composition Analysis of RGGMs
3.3. HCHO Removal Performance of BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I)-RGGMs
3.3.1. Loading of BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I)
3.3.2. HCHO Removal Performance
3.4. Optoelectronic Properties of BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I)-RGGMs
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The microspheres had the best sphericity at 50% addition of red mud, 6 mol NaOH solution concentration and 30 mL addition. The main mineral compositions in the microspheres were CaCO3 and C-A-S-H. The specific surface area was up to 38.80 m2/g, which was mainly mesoporous.
- (2)
- After loading BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I), BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I)-RGGMs showed good adsorption and degradation of formaldehyde gas. Among them, BiOI-RGGMs showed the best performance, and the degradation rate of 87.46% could be achieved at about 2 h, followed by BiOBr-RGGMs and BiOCl-RGGMs. It can be found by SEM, TEM and XPS that BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I) has been successfully loaded onto the surface of the microspheres and the difference in the performance of BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I)-RGGMs for the photocatalytic degradation of formaldehyde is in accordance with the results of their photoelectric tests.
- (3)
- BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I)-RGGMs are simple to prepare, inexpensive, easy to recycle and reuse, and have good application prospects in degrading indoor formaldehyde gas. The performance of BiOX (X = Cl, Br, I)-RGGMs in degrading other pollutants deserves further investigation in the future.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Chemical Composition (wt%) | CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | SO3 | Na2O | MgO | Others |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Red mud | 42.99 | 22.20 | 10.40 | 9.89 | 3.75 | 3.46 | 1.76 | 5.55 |
Granulated blast furnace slag | 42.76 | 24.85 | 15.61 | 0.36 | 2.64 | 0.55 | 7.78 | 5.45 |
Atomic% | C | O | Na | Mg | Al | Si | Ca | Fe |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Figure 7a | 17.05 | 66.22 | - | 0.85 | 0.46 | 0.96 | 14.46 | - |
Figure 7b | 12.80 | 69.31 | 1.23 | 1.55 | 2.71 | 5.21 | 6.57 | 0.62 |
Atomic% | BiOCl | BiOBr | BiOI |
---|---|---|---|
C | 17.28 | 16.34 | 13.03 |
O | 62.68 | 64.76 | 64.19 |
Na | 0.38 | 0.27 | 0.75 |
Al | 3.29 | 3.32 | 3.20 |
Si | 7.15 | 5.81 | 7.13 |
Ca | 8.01 | 8.80 | 9.29 |
Fe | 0.60 | 0.60 | 0.66 |
Bi | 0.60 | 0.11 | 0.30 |
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Lu, P.; Zhang, N.; Wang, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhang, J.; Cai, Q.; Zhang, Y. Synthesis of BiOX-Red Mud/Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Geopolymer Microspheres for Photocatalytic Degradation of Formaldehyde. Materials 2024, 17, 1585. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071585
Lu P, Zhang N, Wang Y, Wang Y, Zhang J, Cai Q, Zhang Y. Synthesis of BiOX-Red Mud/Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Geopolymer Microspheres for Photocatalytic Degradation of Formaldehyde. Materials. 2024; 17(7):1585. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071585
Chicago/Turabian StyleLu, Ping, Na Zhang, Ying Wang, Yidi Wang, Jiale Zhang, Qingyi Cai, and Yihe Zhang. 2024. "Synthesis of BiOX-Red Mud/Granulated Blast Furnace Slag Geopolymer Microspheres for Photocatalytic Degradation of Formaldehyde" Materials 17, no. 7: 1585. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17071585