Laser Irradiation Synthesis of AuPd Alloy with Decreased Alloying Degree for Efficient Ethanol Oxidation Reaction
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Methods
2.1. Preparation of Au Nanoparticles
2.2. Preparation of L-AuPd
2.3. Preparation of C-AuPd
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Characterization of the L-AuPd
3.2. Electrocatalytic Performance for EOR
3.3. DFT Calculations
4. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Seh, Z.W.; Kibsgaard, J.; Dickens, C.F.; Chorkendorff, I.; Norskov, J.K.; Jaramillo, T.F. Combining theory and experiment in electrocatalysis: Insights into materials design. Science 2017, 355, eaad4998. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mohammadi, T.; Hosseini, M.G.; Pastor, E.; Ashassi-Sorkhabi, H. One-step growth of RuNi-MOF nanoarrays on carbon felt host as a high-performance binder-free electrode for dual application: Ethanol fuel cell and supercapacitor. J. Energy Storage 2024, 79, 110146. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Oliveira, D.S.; Colmati, F.; Gonzalez, E.R.; de Sousa Junior, R. Neurofuzzy modelling on the influence of Pt–Sn catalyst properties in direct ethanol fuel cells performance: Fuzzy inference system generation and cell power density optimization. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2023, 48, 24481–24491. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gruzeł, G.; Szmuc, K.; Drzymała, E.; Piekarz, P.; Pajor-Świerzy, A.; Budziak, A.; Pastor, E. Thin layer vs. nanoparticles: Effect of SnO2 addition to PtRhNi nanoframes for ethanol oxidation reaction. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2022, 47, 14823–14835. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tong, Y.; Yan, X.; Liang, J.; Dou, S.X. Metal-based electrocatalysts for methanol electro-oxidation: Progress, opportunities, and challenges. Small 2021, 17, e1904126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zheng, Y.; Wan, X.; Cheng, X.; Cheng, K.; Dai, Z.; Liu, Z. Advanced catalytic materials for ethanol oxidation in direct ethanol fuel cells. Catalysts 2020, 10, 166. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Luo, L.; Fu, C.; Yang, F.; Li, X.; Jiang, F.; Guo, Y.; Zhu, F.; Yang, L.; Shen, S.; Zhang, J. Composition-graded Cu–Pd nanospheres with Ir-doped surfaces on N-doped porous graphene for highly efficient ethanol electro-oxidation in alkaline media. ACS Catal. 2019, 10, 1171–1184. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yu, X.; Luo, Z.; Zhang, T.; Tang, P.; Li, J.; Wang, X.; Llorca, J.; Arbiol, J.; Liu, J.; Cabot, A. Stability of Pd3Pb nanocubes during electrocatalytic ethanol oxidation. Chem. Mater 2020, 32, 2044–2052. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qiu, B.; Xing, M.; Zhang, J. Recent advances in three-dimensional graphene based materials for catalysis applications. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2018, 47, 2165–2216. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, J.; Lu, S.; Xiang, Y.; Jiang, S.P. Intrinsic effect of carbon supports on the activity and stability of precious metal based catalysts for electrocatalytic alcohol oxidation in fuel cells: A review. ChemSusChem 2020, 13, 2484–2502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lodaya, K.M.; Tang, B.Y.; Bisbey, R.P.; Weng, S.; Westendorff, K.S.; Toh, W.L.; Surendranath, Y. An electrochemical approach for designing thermochemical bimetallic nitrate hydrogenation catalysts. Nat. Catal. 2024, 7, 262–272. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Moges, E.A.; Chang, C.Y.; Huang, W.H.; Lakshmanan, K.; Awoke, Y.A.; Pao, C.W.; Tsai, M.C.; Su, W.N.; Hwang, B.J. Sustainable Synthesis of Dual Single-Atom Catalyst of Pd—N4/Cu— N4 for Partial Oxidation of Ethylene Glycol. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2206887. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Konwar, D.; Basumatary, P.; Lee, U.; Yoon, Y.S. P-doped SnFe nanocubes decorated with PdFe alloy nanoparticles for ethanol fuel cells. J. Mater. Chem. A 2021, 9, 10685–10694. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, Y.; Liu, X.; Liu, T.; Ma, X.; Feng, Y.; Xu, B.; Cai, W.; Li, Y.; Su, D.; Shao, Q.; et al. Rhombohedral Pd–Sb Nanoplates with Pd-Terminated Surface: An Efficient Bifunctional Fuel-Cell Catalyst. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, e2202333. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Martínez-Lázaro, A.; Rodriguez-Barajas, M.H.; Rey-Raap, N.; Espinosa, F.I.; Álvarez-Contreras, L.; Ledesma-García, J.; Arriaga, L.G. Novel and high electrocatalytic activity aerogel Pd-TM (TM= Co, Ni, Fe). Mater. Today Nano 2023, 22, 100308. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ertürk, A.S.; Meng, X.; Zhang, Y.; Elmacı, G. Focused microwave-assisted synthesis of activated XC-72R supported PdBi nanocatalyst for the enhanced electrocatalytic performance in formic acid oxidation. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2024, 51, 837–847. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deng, Z.; Mostaghimi, A.H.B.; Gong, M.; Chen, N.; Siahrostami, S.; Wang, X. Pd 4d Orbital Overlapping Modulation on Au@Pd Nanowires for Efficient H2O2 Production. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2024, 146, 2816–2823. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Paris, C.B.; Howe, A.G.; Lewis, R.J.; Hewes, D.; Morgan, D.J.; He, Q.; Edwards, J.K. Impact of the experimental parameters on catalytic activity when preparing polymer protected bimetallic nanoparticle catalysts on activated carbon. ACS Catal. 2022, 12, 4440–4454. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Loevlie, D.J.; Ferreira, B.; Mpourmpakis, G. Demystifying the chemical ordering of multimetallic nanoparticles. Acc. Chem. Res. 2023, 56, 248–257. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Jiang, M.; Hu, Y.; Zhang, W.; Wang, L.; Yang, S.; Liang, J.; Zhang, Z.; Zhang, X.; Jin, Z. Regulating the alloying degree and electronic structure of Pt–Au nanoparticles for high-efficiency direct C2+ alcohol fuel cells. Chem. Mater. 2021, 33, 3767–3778. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ramachandran, K.; Vinothkannan, M.; Kim, A.R.; Ramakrishnan, S.; Yoo, D.J. Ultrafine bimetallic alloy supported on nitrogen doped reduced graphene oxide toward liquid-fuel oxidation: Profile of improved performance and extended durability. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2019, 44, 21769–21780. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, Y.; Wang, M.; Zhu, Q.; Xiao, D.; Ma, D. Ensemble effect for single-atom, small cluster and nanoparticle catalysts. Nat. Catal. 2022, 5, 766–776. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, R.; Zhang, L.Q.; Yu, C.; Sun, M.T.; Liu, J.F.; Jiang, G.B. Atomic-Level-Designed Catalytically Active Palladium Atoms on Ultrathin Gold Nanowires. Adv. Mater. 2017, 29, 1604571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Hu, H.; Li, Q.; Li, L.; Teng, X.; Feng, Z.; Zhang, Y.; Wu, M.; Qiu, J. Laser irradiation of electrode materials for energy storage and conversion. Matter 2020, 3, 95–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Guo, Z.; Zhu, L.; Liu, X.; Zhang, R.; Zhu, T.; Jiang, N.; Zhao, Y.; Jiang, Y. Laser induced trace doping of Pd on Ru nanoparticles for an efficient hydrogen evolution electrocatalyst. Nanoscale 2023, 15, 1554–1560. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Pang, B.; Liu, X.; Liu, T.; Chen, T.; Shen, X.; Zhang, W.; Wang, S.; Liu, T.; Liu, D.; Ding, T.; et al. Laser-assisted high-performance PtRu alloy for pH-universal hydrogen evolution. Energy Environ. Sci. 2022, 15, 102–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Müller, A.M. Optical control of layered nanomaterial generation by pulsed-laser ablation in liquids. J. Mod. Opt. 2020, 67, 49–54. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- RForsythe, C.; Cox, C.P.; Wilsey, M.K.; Muller, A.M. Pulsed laser in liquids made nanomaterials for catalysis. Chem. Rev. 2021, 121, 7568–7637. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Theerthagiri, J.; Karuppasamy, K.; Lee, S.J.; Shwetharani, R.; Kim, H.S.; Pasha, S.K.K.; Ashokkumar, M.; Choi, M.Y. Fundamentals and comprehensive insights on pulsed laser synthesis of advanced materials for diverse photo-and electrocatalytic applications. Light Sci. Appl. 2022, 11, 250. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Peng, S.; Lee, Y.; Wang, C.; Yin, H.; Dai, S.; Sun, S. A facile synthesis of monodisperse Au nanoparticles and their catalysis of CO oxidation. Nano Res. 2008, 1, 229–234. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Akinori Takami, H.K.; Koda, S. Laser-induced size reduction of noble metal particles. J. Phys. Chem. 1999, 103, 1226–1232. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Alan, R.D.; Ashcroft, N.W. Vegard’s law. Phys. Rev. A 1991, 43, 3161. [Google Scholar]
- Van der Hoeven, J.E.S.; Ngan, H.T.; Taylor, A.; Eagan, N.M.; Aizenberg, J.; Sautet, P.; Madix, R.J.; Friend, C.M. Entropic control of HD exchange rates over dilute Pd-in-Au alloy nanoparticle catalysts. ACS Catal. 2021, 11, 6971–6981. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, X.; Guo, Q.; Sun, Y.; Chen, S.; Wang, J.Q.; Wu, M.; Fu, W.; Tang, Y.; Duan, X.; Chen, D.; et al. Optimising surface d charge of AuPd nanoalloy catalysts for enhanced catalytic activity. Nat. Commun. 2019, 10, 1428. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lin, H.; Muzzio, M.; Wei, K.; Zhang, P.; Li, J.; Li, N.; Yin, Z.; Su, D.; Sun, S. PdAu alloy nanoparticles for ethanol oxidation in alkaline conditions: Enhanced activity and C1 pathway selectivity. ACS Appl. Energy Mater. 2019, 2, 8701–8706. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.; Wang, L.; Wu, M.; Sun, Y.; Zhu, X.; Wan, Y. Measurable surface d charge of Pd as a descriptor for the selective hydrogenation activity of quinoline. Chin. J. Catal. 2020, 41, 1337–1347. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Yeon, S.; Lee, S.J.; Chinnadurai, D.; Yu, Y.; Lee, Y.W.; Choi, M.Y. Rapid alloying of Au–Pd nanospheres by a facile pulsed laser technique: Insights into a molar-dependent electrocatalytic methanol oxidation reaction. J. Alloys Compd. 2022, 891, 162011. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nascente, P.A.; de Castro, S.G.; Landers, R.; Kleiman, G.G. X-ray photoemission and Auger energy shifts in some gold-palladium alloys. Phys. Rev. B Condens. Matter 1991, 43, 4659–4666. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Balcha, T.; Strobl, J.R.; Fowler, C.; Dash, P.; Scott, R.W.J. Selective aerobic oxidation of crotyl alcohol using AuPd core-shell nanoparticles. ACS Catal. 2011, 1, 425–436. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, X.; Sun, Z.; Jin, R.; Zhu, C.; Zhao, C.; Lin, Y.; Guan, Q.; Cao, L.; Wang, H.; Li, S.; et al. Conjugated dual size effect of core-shell particles synergizes bimetallic catalysis. Nat. Commun. 2023, 14, 530. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, H.; Wu, Z.; Wang, R.; Dong, M.; Wang, G.; Qin, Z.; Fan, W. Structural and electronic feature evolution of Au-Pd bimetallic catalysts supported on graphene and SiO2 in H2 and O2. J. Catal. 2019, 376, 44–56. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boubnov, A.; Timoshenko, J.; Wrasman, C.J.; Hoffman, A.S.; Cargnello, M.; Frenkel, A.I.; Bare, S.R. Insight into restructuring of Pd-Au nanoparticles using EXAFS. Radiat. Phys. Chem. 2020, 175, 108304. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Jones, W.; Su, R.; Wells, P.P.; Shen, Y.; Dimitratos, N.; Bowker, M.; Hutchings, G. Optimised photocatalytic hydrogen production using core–shell AuPd promoters with controlled shell thickness. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys 2014, 16, 26638–26644. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, R.; Zhao, Y.; Guo, Z.; Liu, X.; Zhu, L.; Jiang, Y. Highly selective Pd nanosheet aerogel catalyst with hybrid strain induced by laser irradiation and P doping postprocess. Small 2023, 19, e2205587. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Luo, L.-M.; Zhan, W.; Zhang, R.-H.; Chen, D.; Hu, Q.-Y.; Guo, Y.-F.; Zhou, X.-W. Ternary CoAuPd and binary AuPd electrocatalysts for methanol oxidation and oxygen reduction reaction: Enhanced catalytic performance by surface reconstruction. J. Power Sources 2019, 412, 142–152. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, L.; Lu, L.; Zhu, H.; Chen, Y.; Huang, Y.; Li, Y.; Wang, L. Improved ethanol electrooxidation performance by shortening Pd–Ni active site distance in Pd–Ni–P nanocatalysts. Nat. Commun. 2017, 8, 14136. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, D.; Zeng, Q.; Liu, H.; Hu, C.; Chen, D.; Xu, L.; Yang, J. Combining the core-shell construction with an alloying effect for high efficiency ethanol electrooxidation. Cell Rep. Phys. Sci. 2021, 2, 3. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qin, X.; Li, H.; Xie, S.; Li, K.; Jiang, T.; Ma, X.Y.; Cai, W.B. Mechanistic analysis-guided Pd-based catalysts for efficient hydrogen production from formic acid dehydrogenation. ACS Catal. 2020, 10, 3921–3932. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Duchesne, P.N.; Li, Z.Y.; Deming, C.P.; Fung, V.; Zhao, X.; Yuan, J.; Zhang, P. Golden single-atomic-site platinum electrocatalysts. Nat. Mater. 2018, 17, 1033–1039. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhu, L.; Zhang, R.; Liu, X.; Zhu, J.; Guo, Z.; Zhao, Y. Laser-Assisted synthesis of Bi-Decorated Pt aerogel for efficient methanol oxidation electrocatalysis. Appl. Surf. Sci. 2022, 592, 153219. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feng, Q.; Zhao, S.; He, D.; Tian, S.; Gu, L.; Wen, X.; Chen, C.; Peng, Q.; Wang, D.; Li, Y. Strain engineering to enhance the electrooxidation performance of atomic-layer Pt on intermetallic Pt3Ga. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2018, 140, 2773–2776. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Kresse, G.; Furthmüller, J. Efficient iterative schemes for ab initio total-energy calculations using a plane-wave basis set. Phys. Rev. B 1996, 54, 11169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Joubert, G.K.D. From ultrasoft pseudopotentials to the projector augmented-wave method. Phys. Rev. B 1998, 59, 1758–1775. [Google Scholar]
- John, K.B.; Perdew, P. Matthias Ernzerhof. Generalized gradient approximation made simple. Phys. Rev. Lett. 1996, 77, 18. [Google Scholar]
- Monkhorst, H.J.; Pack, J.D. Special points for Brillouin-zone integrations. Phys. Rev. B 1976, 13, 5188–5192. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, V.; Xu, N.; Liu, J.-C.; Tang, G.; Geng, W.-T. VASPKIT: A user-friendly interface facilitating high-throughput computing and analysis using VASP code. Comput. Phys. Commun. 2021, 267, 108033. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Du, R.; Wang, J.; Wang, Y.; Hubner, R.; Fan, X.; Senkovska, I.; Hu, Y.; Kaskel, S.; Eychmuller, A. Unveiling reductant chemistry in fabricating noble metal aerogels for superior oxygen evolution and ethanol oxidation. Nat. Commun. 2020, 11, 1590. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Liu, M.; Xie, M.; Jiang, Y.; Liu, Z.; Lu, Y.; Zhang, S.; Zhang, Z.; Wang, X.; Liu, K.; Zhang, Q.; et al. Core–shell nanoparticles with tensile strain enable highly efficient electrochemical ethanol oxidation. J. Mater. Chem. A 2021, 9, 15373–15380. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L.; Liu, Z.; Zhang, S.; Li, M.; Zhang, Y.; Li, Z.; Tang, Z. In situ assembly of ultrafine AuPd nanowires as efficient electrocatalysts for ethanol electroxidation. Int. J. Hydrogen Energy 2021, 46, 8549–8556. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Fan, X.; Zerebecki, S.; Du, R.; Hubner, R.; Marzum, G.; Jiang, G.; Hu, Y.; Barcikowki, S. Reichenberger and A. Eychmuller, Promoting the electrocatalytic performance of noble metal aerogels by ligand-directed modulation. Angew. Chem. 2020, 132, 5755–5760. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Qin, Y.; Huang, H.; Yu, W.; Zhang, H.; Li, Z.; Wang, Z.; Lai, J.; Wang, L.; Feng, S. Porous PdWM (M= Nb, Mo and Ta) trimetallene for high C1 selectivity in alkaline ethanol oxidation reaction. Adv. Sci. 2022, 9, e2103722. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Du, R.; Joswig, J.O.; Hubner, R.; Zhou, L.; Wei, W.; Hu, Y.; Eychmuller, A. Freeze–thaw-promoted fabrication of clean and hierarchically structured noble-metal aerogels for electrocatalysis and photoelectrocatalysis. Angew. Chem. 2020, 132, 8370–8377. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, L.; Yu, Z.; Yan, W.; Liu, L.; Wang, M.; Kong, Q.; Hu, Z.; Geng, H.; Huang, X.; Li, Y. Palladium chalcogenide nanosheets with pd orbital hybridization for enhanced alcohol electro-oxidation performance. Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2024, 343, 123564. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhou, X.; Ma, Y.; Ge, Y.; Zhu, S.; Cui, Y.; Chen, B.; Liao, L.; Yun, Q.; He, Z.; Long, H.; et al. Preparation of Au@ Pd core–shell nanorods with fcc-2H-fcc heterophase for highly efficient electrocatalytic alcohol oxidation. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2022, 144, 547–555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhou, M.; Liu, J.; Ling, C.; Ge, Y.; Chen, B.; Tan, C.; Fan, Z.; Huang, J.; Chen, J.; Liu, Z.; et al. Synthesis of Pd3Sn and PdCuSn nanorods with L12 phase for highly efficient electrocatalytic ethanol oxidation. Adv. Mater. 2022, 34, e2106115. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Han, S.; Ma, Y.; Yun, Q.; Wang, A.L.; Zhu, Q.; Zhang, H.; He, C.; Xia, J.; Meng, X.; Gao, L.; et al. The synergy of tensile strain and ligand effect in PtBi nanorings for boosting electrocatalytic alcohol oxidation. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2022, 32, 2208760. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Wang, D.; Zhang, Y.; Zhang, K.; Wang, X.; Wang, C.; Li, Z.; Gao, F.; Du, Y. Rapid synthesis of Palladium-Platinum-Nickel ultrathin porous nanosheets with high catalytic performance for alcohol electrooxidation. J. Colloid. Interface Sci. 2023, 650, 350–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Zhang, N.; Zhang, K.; Li, J.; Ye, C.; Du, Y. One-pot synthesis of 3D surface-wrinkled PdAu nanospheres for robust alcohols electrocatalysis. J. Colloid. Interface Sci. 2023, 650, 1509–1517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Wu, J.; Cui, X.; Fan, J.; Zhao, J.; Zhang, Q.; Jia, G.; Wu, Q.; Zhang, D.; Hou, C.; Xu, S.; et al. Stable bimetallene hydride boosts anodic CO tolerance of fuel cells. ACS Energy Lett. 2021, 6, 1912–1919. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.; Shu, J.; Ma, S.; Yang, H.; Jin, J.; Zhang, X.; Jin, R. Engineering three-dimensional nitrogen-doped carbon black embedding nitrogen-doped graphene anchoring ultrafine surface-clean Pd nanoparticles as efficient ethanol oxidation electrocatalyst. Appl. Catal. B-Environ. 2021, 280, 119464. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, S.; Guan, A.; Wang, H.; Yan, Y.; Huang, H.; Jing, C.; Zhang, L.; Zhang, L.; Zheng, G. Hybrid palladium nanoparticles and nickel single atom catalysts for efficient electrocatalytic ethanol oxidation. J. Mater. Chem. A 2022, 10, 6129–6133. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Jiang, N.; Zhu, L.; Liu, P.; Zhang, P.; Gan, Y.; Zhao, Y.; Jiang, Y. Laser Irradiation Synthesis of AuPd Alloy with Decreased Alloying Degree for Efficient Ethanol Oxidation Reaction. Materials 2024, 17, 1876. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17081876
Jiang N, Zhu L, Liu P, Zhang P, Gan Y, Zhao Y, Jiang Y. Laser Irradiation Synthesis of AuPd Alloy with Decreased Alloying Degree for Efficient Ethanol Oxidation Reaction. Materials. 2024; 17(8):1876. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17081876
Chicago/Turabian StyleJiang, Nan, Liye Zhu, Peng Liu, Pengju Zhang, Yuqi Gan, Yan Zhao, and Yijian Jiang. 2024. "Laser Irradiation Synthesis of AuPd Alloy with Decreased Alloying Degree for Efficient Ethanol Oxidation Reaction" Materials 17, no. 8: 1876. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17081876