Design and Preparation Technology of Green Multiple Solid Waste Cementitious Materials
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
2.2. Mixture Proportions
2.3. Test Methods
2.3.1. Flowability
2.3.2. Compressive Strength
2.3.3. XRD
2.3.4. TG-DTG
2.3.5. NMR
2.3.6. Drying Shrinkage
2.3.7. Chloride Permeation Resistance
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Flowability
3.2. Mechanical Properties
3.2.1. Compressive Strength
3.2.2. Orthogonal Test Analysis
3.2.3. Granularity of Cementitious Materials
- A—Passing amount through standard sieve analysis, %;
- di—Size of each classification of standard sieve holes, mm;
- D—The particle size of the largest particle in the combined aggregate, mm;
- 0.4—Index of the shape characteristics of aggregate particles.
3.3. Durability
3.3.1. Drying Shrinkage
3.3.2. Chloride Permeation Resistance
3.4. Microstructural Analysis
3.4.1. XRD Analysis
3.4.2. TG-DTG Analysis
3.4.3. NMR Analysis
4. Conclusions
- The optimal mixing ratio of MSWCMs was selected based on the results of an orthogonal test, and the content of optimal ratio components was SS:SP:DG:FA:OPC = 10:20:5:15:50 by using ANOVA, and its reasonableness was verified by the optimized ratios and particle gradation. The results of the optimized ratios were in accordance with the results of the ANOVA, and the distribution curves of the particles also exhibited a high degree of consistency with the Fuller curve, which indicated that the results of the orthogonal test group had a high degree of precision;
- The composition content of the control group was SS:SP:DG:FA:OPC = 5:15:5:25:50, and the pure OPC group was the blank group. The 28-day compressive strength of the MSWCMs optimal proportioning group was 50.7 MPa, while that of the control group and the blank group was 44.5 MPa and 47.1 MPa, respectively, which showed an increase of 14% and 7.6% in comparison with that of the control and the blank group, indicating a significant increase in the 28-day compressive strength of MSWCMs of 7.6%, which represents a significant advantage;
- The designed mortar with the optimal proportion of MSWCMs showed excellent durability properties compared to the control and blank mortars. The synergistic effect between the MSWCMs increased the drying shrinkage and resistance to chloride ion permeability of the mortar by 22.9%, 22.6% and 8.9%, 9.8%, respectively. These findings demonstrate the ability of MSWCMs to effectively improve the good durability of large admixture solid waste concrete as well as their great potential as a novel construction material;
- The mortar in the optimal proportioning group of MSWCMs showed significant synergistic effects compared to the mortar in the control and blank groups. It produced more C-(A)-S-H gels and AFt. The C-(A)-S-H) gels had a higher degree of cross-linking, leading to a denser microstructure. This contributes to improved mechanical and durability properties;
- The optimal MSWCMs prepared by orthogonal experimental design were also shown to be stronger than other MSWCMs as well as OPC systems in terms of microscopic properties and macroscopic properties after the optimized ratio design and particle grading model verification, which demonstrated the feasibility of this design and preparation method to satisfy the requirements for the comprehensive performance of the MSWCMs system, which has great economic and social benefits.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Materials | Mass Fraction/% | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | Fe2O3 | SO3 | MgO | Na2O | K2O | MnO | Others | |
OPC | 53.83 | 23.92 | 6.93 | 3.29 | 2.39 | 1.76 | 0.16 | 0.91 | 0.03 | 6.78 |
SS | 45.97 | 12.36 | 1.90 | 26.11 | 0.36 | 4.31 | 0.12 | 0.00 | 3.07 | 5.8 |
SP | 39.80 | 32.05 | 16.71 | 0.37 | 2.63 | 6.60 | 0.35 | 0.45 | 0.17 | 0.87 |
DG | 36.76 | 2.27 | 0.81 | 0.48 | 47.44 | 1.14 | 0.13 | 0.00 | 0.01 | 10.96 |
FA | 4.58 | 46.65 | 36.31 | 3.93 | 1.26 | 0.64 | 0.39 | 1.00 | 0.05 | 5.19 |
Serial Number | Mass Fraction/% | Water/Cement Ratio | Binder/Sand Ratio | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SS | SP | DG | FA | OPC | |||
1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 50 | 50 | 0.4 | 1:2 |
2 | 0 | 5 | 2.5 | 42.5 | 50 | 0.4 | 1:2 |
3 | 0 | 10 | 5 | 35 | 50 | 0.4 | 1:2 |
4 | 0 | 15 | 7.5 | 27.5 | 50 | 0.4 | 1:2 |
5 | 0 | 20 | 10 | 20 | 50 | 0.4 | 1:2 |
6 | 5 | 0 | 10 | 35 | 50 | 0.4 | 1:2 |
7 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 40 | 50 | 0.4 | 1:2 |
8 | 5 | 10 | 2.5 | 32.5 | 50 | 0.4 | 1:2 |
9 | 5 | 15 | 5 | 25 | 50 | 0.4 | 1:2 |
10 | 5 | 20 | 7.5 | 17.5 | 50 | 0.4 | 1:2 |
11 | 10 | 0 | 7.5 | 32.5 | 50 | 0.4 | 1:2 |
12 | 10 | 5 | 10 | 25 | 50 | 0.4 | 1:2 |
13 | 10 | 10 | 0 | 30 | 50 | 0.4 | 1:2 |
14 | 10 | 15 | 2.5 | 22.5 | 50 | 0.4 | 1:2 |
15 | 10 | 20 | 5 | 15 | 50 | 0.4 | 1:2 |
16 | 15 | 0 | 5 | 30 | 50 | 0.4 | 1:2 |
17 | 15 | 5 | 7.5 | 22.5 | 50 | 0.4 | 1:2 |
18 | 15 | 10 | 10 | 15 | 50 | 0.4 | 1:2 |
19 | 15 | 15 | 0 | 20 | 50 | 0.4 | 1:2 |
20 | 15 | 20 | 2.5 | 12.5 | 50 | 0.4 | 1:2 |
21 | 20 | 0 | 2.5 | 27.5 | 50 | 0.4 | 1:2 |
22 | 20 | 5 | 5 | 20 | 50 | 0.4 | 1:2 |
23 | 20 | 10 | 7.5 | 12.5 | 50 | 0.4 | 1:2 |
24 | 20 | 15 | 10 | 5 | 50 | 0.4 | 1:2 |
25 | 20 | 20 | 0 | 10 | 50 | 0.4 | 1:2 |
Source of Variation | Square Sum | Degrees of Freedom | Mean Square | F-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Intercept | 38,659.424 | 1 | 38,659.424 | 5205.441 |
SS | 367.638 | 4 | 91.909 | 12.375 |
SP | 312.170 | 4 | 78.042 | 10.508 |
DG | 92.538 | 4 | 23.134 | 3.115 |
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Ge, Y.; Liu, X.; Shui, Z.; Gao, X.; Zheng, W.; Zhu, Z.; Zhao, X. Design and Preparation Technology of Green Multiple Solid Waste Cementitious Materials. Materials 2024, 17, 1998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17091998
Ge Y, Liu X, Shui Z, Gao X, Zheng W, Zhu Z, Zhao X. Design and Preparation Technology of Green Multiple Solid Waste Cementitious Materials. Materials. 2024; 17(9):1998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17091998
Chicago/Turabian StyleGe, Yexin, Xianping Liu, Zhonghe Shui, Xu Gao, Wu Zheng, Zengchao Zhu, and Xudong Zhao. 2024. "Design and Preparation Technology of Green Multiple Solid Waste Cementitious Materials" Materials 17, no. 9: 1998. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17091998