Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior and the Combined Cyclic Hardening Material Model of Plate-Shaped Zn-22Al Alloy for Seismic Dampers
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Preparation of the Zn-22Al Alloy
2.1. Casting of the Zn-22Al Alloy Ingots
2.2. Hot Rolling of the Zn-22Al Alloy Plates
2.3. Heat Treatment of the Zn-22Al Alloy Plates
3. Material Test of the Zn-22Al Alloy
3.1. Test Arrangements and Design
3.2. Monotonic Tensile Tests
3.3. Low-Cycle Fatigue Tests
3.3.1. Cyclic Stress–Strain Curves
3.3.2. Strain–Life Relationship
3.4. Energy Dissipation
4. Microstructures of the Zn-22Al Alloy
5. Parameter Calibration and Finite Element Simulation
6. Conclusions
- Due to the unavailability of commercially produced Zn-22Al alloy, the alloy used in this study was lab-synthesized. The fracture surface of the as-cast sample displayed brittle failure characteristics with extremely low elongation. In contrast, the fully treated alloy exhibited significantly improved elongation, with the fracture morphology indicating a distinct trend of plastic deformation. SEM micrographs supported these findings by showcasing grain refinement, reinforcing the superplasticity of the treated Zn-22Al alloy.
- Monotonic tests revealed that the Zn-22Al alloy demonstrated continuous yielding behavior and exceptional plastic deformation capability. The alloy’s percentage elongation at fracture reached an impressive 200.37%, corresponding to a fracture strain of 1.12. With an equivalent yield strength of only 40 MPa, the alloy displayed prolonged steady-state flow after yielding until fracture. These properties allow dampers made from Zn-22Al alloy to enter the working state earlier and possess a considerable reserve of plastic deformation capability.
- The Zn-22Al alloy exhibited full and symmetrical hysteresis loops, showcasing subtle strain softening under cyclic loading, with stabilization occurring within the initial cycles. Despite challenges posed by its plate-shaped geometry, the alloy displayed an excellent fatigue life—2.25 to 6.07 times that of E250A mild steel (cylindrical specimens). The Ramberg-Osgood model parameters were derived to describe the cyclic stress–strain curve, and the cyclic strain-life relationships aligned well with the conventional Basquin-Coffin-Manson relationship.
- The alloy demonstrated both kinematic and isotropic hardening characteristics under cyclic loading. The parameters of the combined cyclic hardening material model were calibrated, and two sets of kinematic hardening components were superposed to improve simulation accuracy. These parameters were validated to accurately predict the hysteretic behavior of the material using ABAQUS. In practical applications, engineers can select suitable calibrated parameters based on the expected working strain range or consider average values directly.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Identifier | Loading Type | Frequency | Strain Amplitude | Strain Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|
Mono-1 | Monotonic | — | Until broken | 2 × 10−3/s |
Mono-2 | Monotonic | — | Until broken | |
Mono-3 | Monotonic | — | Until broken | |
Mono-4 | Monotonic | — | Until broken | |
Mono-5 | Monotonic | — | Until broken | |
Cyc-0.8 | Cyclic | 0.0625 Hz | ±0.8% | |
Cyc-1.0 | Cyclic | 0.05 Hz | ±1.0% | |
Cyc-1.2 | Cyclic | 0.042 Hz | ±1.2% | |
Cyc-2.5 | Cyclic | 0.02 Hz | ±2.5% |
Young’s Modulus E (GPa) | 0.2% Proof Stress (MPa) | Tensile Strength (MPa) | Yield-to-Tensile Ratio | Fracture Elongation (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mono-1 | 62 | 43.36 (−0.23%) | 164.28 (+1.74%) | 3.79 (+1.95%) | 215.61 (+7.61%) |
Mono-2 | 41.72 (−4.00%) | 154.74 (−4.17%) | 3.71 (−0.19%) | 187.79 (−6.28%) | |
Mono-3 | 42.83 (−1.45%) | 159.67 (−1.12%) | 3.73 (+0.32%) | 213.27 (+6.44%) | |
Mono-4 | 44.57 (+2.56%) | 163.46 (+1.23%) | 3.67 (−1.31%) | 195.54 (−2.41%) | |
Mono-5 | 44.81 (+3.11%) | 165.23 (+2.32%) | 3.69 (−0.77%) | 189.63 (−5.36%) | |
Average | 43.46 | 161.48 | 3.72 | 200.37 |
Material | Superplastic Properties | Ref. | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Type | Process | Grain Size (μm) | Shape | T (K) | Yield/Flow Stress (MPa) | Max Elongation (%) | Strain Rate (s−1) | |
Q235 | — | — | Plate | RT | YS:240 | 35 | 4 × 10−3 | [34] |
BLY160 | — | — | Plate | RT | YS:126 | 56 | — | [8] |
Zn-22Al | FSP | 1 | Plate | RT | FS:180 | 160 | 1 × 10−2 | [35] |
Zn-22Al | ECAP | 0.3 | Cylindrical | RT | FS:150 | 180 | 1 × 10−2 | [36] |
Zn-22Al | ECAP | 0.35 | Cylindrical | RT | FS:90 | 240 | 1 × 10−2 | [37] |
Zn-22Al | ECAP | 0.25 | Plate | RT | — | 110 | 1 × 10−3 | [38] |
Zn-22Al | ECAP | 1 | Plate | RT | — | 195 | 1 × 10−3 | [38] |
Zn-22Al | TMCP | 2.5 | Plate | 503 | 10.5 | 1557 | 1 × 10−2 | [39] |
Zn-22Al | TMCP | <0.1 | Plate | RT | YS:200 | 180 | 1 × 10−2 | [26] |
Zn-22Al | TMCP | 1.3 | Cylindrical | RT | 60 | ~200 | 1 × 10−5 | [39] |
Zn-22Al | TMCP | — | Plate | RT | 43.46 | 200.37 | 2 × 10−3 | Present work |
Material | Shape | Strain Amplitude | Ref. | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
±0.8 | ±1.0 | ±1.2 | ±2.5 | ±3.0 | |||
Q235 (mild steel) | Cylindrical | — | 578 | — | — | 122 | [24] |
LY100 | Cylindrical | — | 512~694 | — | 123~126 | 82~119 | [44] |
LY160 | Cylindrical | — | 1008 | — | 139~158 | 121 | [44] |
E250A (mild steel) | Cylindrical | 400 | 83 | 45 | — | — | [41] |
Stainless steel | Plate | — | 671 | — | — | 39 | [45] |
Zn-22Al (present work) | Plate | 1126 | 899 | 504 | 189 | — | — |
Δε/2 (%) | σ|0 (MPa) | Q∞ (MPa) | biso | C1 (MPa) | γ1 | C2 (MPa) | γ2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0.8% | 39.1 | −6.64 | 3.0 | 9000 | 150 | 31,187 | 538 |
1.0% | 41.3 | −7.81 | 3.5 | 6480 | 108 | 31,187 | 538 |
1.2% | 45.0 | −9.28 | 3.5 | 4680 | 78 | 31,187 | 538 |
2.5% | 82.0 | −5.92 | 3.0 | 450 | 3 | 12,475 | 215 |
Mean | 51.85 | −7.412 | 3.25 | 5152.5 | 84.75 | 26,509 | 457.25 |
COV | 0.338 | −0.172 | 0.077 | 0.605 | 0.633 | 0.306 | 0.306 |
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Liu, Z.; Han, J.; Yang, P. Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior and the Combined Cyclic Hardening Material Model of Plate-Shaped Zn-22Al Alloy for Seismic Dampers. Materials 2024, 17, 2141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092141
Liu Z, Han J, Yang P. Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior and the Combined Cyclic Hardening Material Model of Plate-Shaped Zn-22Al Alloy for Seismic Dampers. Materials. 2024; 17(9):2141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092141
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Zongcheng, Jianping Han, and Penghui Yang. 2024. "Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior and the Combined Cyclic Hardening Material Model of Plate-Shaped Zn-22Al Alloy for Seismic Dampers" Materials 17, no. 9: 2141. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma17092141