Nanostructured Photocatalysts and Their Applications in the Photocatalytic Transformation of Lignocellulosic Biomass: An Overview
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Basic Principles of Photocatalysis
3. Mechanism of Titania-Assisted Photocatalysis
4. Influence of Operational Parameters in Photocatalyst Efficiency
4.1. Light intensity
4.2. Nature and concentration of the substrate
4.3. Nature of the photocatalyst
4.4. Concentration of photocatalyst
4.5. pH
4.6. Reaction temperature
5. Properties and Characteristics of Photocatalysts: Titania vs Other Photocatalysts
- (1)
- Photo-stability.
- (2)
- Chemically and biologically inert nature.
- (3)
- Availability and low cost.
- (4)
- Capability to adsorb reactants under efficient photonic activation (hυ ≥ Eg).
5.1. Titania (TiO2)
5.1.1. Types of TiO2 catalysts
TiO2a | BET surface area/m2g-1 | Øcs | T1/2/µs |
---|---|---|---|
nanotube-TiO2-400 | 225 | 2.0 | 3.5 + 0.4 |
Standard TiO2-1 | 300 | 7.1 | 0.6 + 0.2 |
Standard TiO2-2 | 50 | 4.8 | 1.0 + 0.2 |
Standard TiO2-3 | 10 | 1.6 | 0.7 + 0.2 |
5.1.2. Modified Titania systems for improved photocatalytic activity under visible light
Doping with metals
Doping with non-metallic elements
5.2. Binary metal oxides
5.3. Metal sulfides
6. Preparation of Photocatalysts
6.1. Sol-gel method: A promising route for TiO2 nanophotocatalysts synthesis
6.2. Ultrasonic preparation of nanostructured photocatalysts
6.3. Other non-conventional synthesis methodologies
7. Photochemical Transformations of Biomass via Heterogeneous Photocatalysis
7.1. Photocatalytic hydrogen production
7.2. Photo-transformation (non-catalytic) of biomass: Solar gasification
7.3. Other high added-value chemicals from photochemical conversion of biomass
Platform molecule | Structure |
---|---|
1,4-Diacids (succinic, fumaric and malic acids) | |
2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid | |
3-Hydroxypropionic acid | |
Aspartic acid | |
Glucaric acid | |
Glutamic acid | |
Itaconic acid | |
Levulinic acid | |
3-Hydroxybutyrolactone | |
Glycerol | |
Sorbitol | |
Xylitol/Arabinitol |
8. Future Challenges and Prospects
- the preparation of photocatalytic nanostructures capable of selective photocatalytic degradation of organic pollutants;
- novel preparation of ternary mixed oxide systems for photooxidative degradation;
- novel photocatalyst preparations from titanium oxo families as more members of the families become available in the future;
- designing of more reliable photocatalyst that can be photoactivated by visible and/or solar light;
- exploring the possibilities to work with other materials than titania (e.g., metal sulfides);
- photosensitizing TiO2 in the visible by doping, especially by platinization and continue the investigation of anionic doping;
- taking advance of photocatalysis for preparative fine chemistry;
- use of photocatalysis as a new medical tool (e.g., in cancer treatment);
- novel photocatalysts for the production of energy: biohydrogen either from biomass or from photocatalytic spliting of water.
Acknowledgments
References and Notes
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Colmenares, J.C.; Luque, R.; Campelo, J.M.; Colmenares, F.; Karpiński, Z.; Romero, A.A. Nanostructured Photocatalysts and Their Applications in the Photocatalytic Transformation of Lignocellulosic Biomass: An Overview. Materials 2009, 2, 2228-2258. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma2042228
Colmenares JC, Luque R, Campelo JM, Colmenares F, Karpiński Z, Romero AA. Nanostructured Photocatalysts and Their Applications in the Photocatalytic Transformation of Lignocellulosic Biomass: An Overview. Materials. 2009; 2(4):2228-2258. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma2042228
Chicago/Turabian StyleColmenares, Juan Carlos, Rafael Luque, Juan Manuel Campelo, Fernando Colmenares, Zbigniew Karpiński, and Antonio Angel Romero. 2009. "Nanostructured Photocatalysts and Their Applications in the Photocatalytic Transformation of Lignocellulosic Biomass: An Overview" Materials 2, no. 4: 2228-2258. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma2042228