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Article

Controllable Layered Structures in Polyoxomolybdate-Surfactant Hybrid Crystals

by
Takeru Ito
1,2,* and
Toshihiro Yamase
1,3,*
1
Chemical Resources Laboratory, Tokyo Institute of Technology, R1-21, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midoriku, Yokohama 226–8503, Japan
2
Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tokai University, 1117 Kitakaname, Hiratsuka 259–1292, Japan
3
(Inc.) MO Device, 2-14-10 Kanaiwa-higashi, Kanazawa 920–0335, Japan
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Materials 2010, 3(1), 158-164; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3010158
Submission received: 19 November 2009 / Revised: 23 December 2009 / Accepted: 4 January 2010 / Published: 6 January 2010
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Inorganic-Organic Hybrid Materials)
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Abstract

:
Inorganic-organic hybrid crystals containing α-octamolybdate (Mo8) or hexamolybdate (Mo6) were isolated by using hexadecyltrimethylammonium (C16) surfactant. The packing mode of the inorganic layers depended on a difference in the polyoxomolybdate molecular structure. The structure for both crystals consisted of alternate stacking of C16 organic bilayers and polyoxomolybdate inorganic layers with a periodicity of 24.4–24.6 Å. However, the C16-Mo8 crystals contained Mo8 monolayers, while the C16-Mo6 crystals contained Mo6 bilayers. These lattice structures for the polyoxometalate/organic hybrid will be designed by the molecular structures of polyoxometalate.

Graphical Abstract

1. Introduction

Crystalline layered materials have distinct anisotropy derived from two-dimensional strata of compounds, which often results in electronic conductivity, superconductivity, or intercalation [1,2,3]. The emergence of such properties is prompted by precise control of the layered structure such as the layer periodicity and/or component arrangement. Inorganic-organic hybrids [4] are more structurally controllable than purely inorganic compounds owing to organic components, and have potential for the construction of functionalized crystalline layered materials. Conductive hybrid crystals composed of organic molecules and inorganic anions have been reported [5,6].
Surfactant molecules are an effective organic component as a structure-directing reagent for lamellar structures [7,8]. The layer distance can be controlled by changing the length of long alkyl chains. Polyoxometalate anions with various physicochemical properties are promising candidates for an inorganic component [9,10,11], and can be selected to design the composition, functions, and even structures of hybrid layered crystals. Several hybrid materials [12,13,14,15,16,17] and hybrid layered crystals [18,19,20,21,22,23] containing polyoxometalates and surfactants have been prepared to date.
Here, we report the controllable synthesis of polyoxomolybdate hybrid layered crystals containing hexadecyltrimethylammonium (C16). Two types of crystals, [(C16H33)N(CH3)3]4[α-Mo8O26] (1) and [(C16H33)N(CH3)3]2[Mo6O19] (2), had different crystal packings, which will be induced by the molecular structures of polyoxomolybdate.

2. Results and Discussion

The syntheses of 1 and 2 are based on the procedure for the preparation of tetrabutylammonium hexamolybdate [24]. However, a pale yellow precipitate obtained after adding C16Br to Na2MoO4 solution (see Experimental) is a mixture of Mo6O192- (Mo6) and α-Mo8O264- (Mo8) anions indicated by IR spectra (not shown). The pale yellow color of the precipitate also suggests the presence of Mo6 (yellow) and Mo8 (colorless). The recrystallization of this mixture from hot acetonitrile gives pure crystals of 1, which is less soluble in acetonitrile than 2. The remaining pale yellow supernatant contains the Mo6 anion, from which pure crystals of 2 can be obtained by evaporating or cooling.
The crystal packing of 1 consists of alternating inorganic monolayers of α-type Mo8 and organic bilayers of C16 cations (Figure 1). This manner of packing is the same as those of other polyoxometalate-surfactant hybrid crystals reported to date [18,19,20,21,22,23]. The periodicity between the inorganic and organic layers is 24.4 Å. The hexadecyl chains of C16 interdigitate in the C16 bilayers, and the hydrophilic heads of C16 insert into the Mo8 monolayers with a depth of 3.04 Å, which is similar to other polyoxometalate hybrid crystals containing surfactants with single alkyl chain [18,21,22,23].
The lattice structure of 2 also consists of alternating inorganic layers and organic interdigitated bilayers of C16 with a periodicity of 24.6 Å, similar to that of 1. However, the inorganic layer of Mo6 is a bilayer, quite different from 1 and other polyoxometalate-surfactant crystals [18,19,20,21,22,23]. The hydrophilic heads of C16 completely insert into the Mo6 bilayers. The different packings of polyoxomolybdate for 1 and 2 will be induced by the difference in the molecular structures of Mo8 and Mo6. The distance between the nearest Mo6 anions is 2.28 Å, and the two adjacent Mo6 anions form a “dimer-like” structure (indicated by the broken line in Figure 2). The Mo6 “dimers” arrange two-dimensionally parallel to the ab plane, considered to result in the formation of the Mo6 bilayer. 2 is the first example which contains polyoxometalate bilayers in the polyoxometalate-surfactant hybrid crystal. Changing the molecular structure of polyoxometalate as well as surfactant can control the layered structure of the hybrid crystals.
Materials 03 00158 g001 1024
Figure 1. Crystal packing of 1 (C: grey, N: black, H: white; Mo8 anions in grey polyhedra).
Figure 1. Crystal packing of 1 (C: grey, N: black, H: white; Mo8 anions in grey polyhedra).
Materials 03 00158 g001
Materials 03 00158 g002 1024
Figure 2. Crystal packing of 2 (C: grey, N: black, H: white; Mo6 anions in grey polyhedra). Disordered atoms were omitted for clarity. The broken line indicates a “dimer-like” structure of the Mo6 anions (see text).
Figure 2. Crystal packing of 2 (C: grey, N: black, H: white; Mo6 anions in grey polyhedra). Disordered atoms were omitted for clarity. The broken line indicates a “dimer-like” structure of the Mo6 anions (see text).
Materials 03 00158 g002
Both 1 and 2 have C-H···O hydrogen bonds [25,26,27,28,29,30] at the interface between the polyoxomolybdate and C16 layers. The C···O distances of the hydrogen bonds are mainly 3.3–3.6 Å (mean value: 3.52 Å) for 1 and 3.3–4.0 Å (mean value: 3.54 Å) for 2, respectively. Most hydrogen bonds are formed between oxygens of polyoxomolybdate and the hydrophilic head of C16 (i.e., methyl or methylene groups connected to nitrogen). The hydrogen bonds as well as electrostatic interaction between polyoxomolybdate and C16 layers are considered to stabilize the layered structures of 1 and 2.
Table
Table 1. Crystallographic data for 1 and 2.
Table 1. Crystallographic data for 1 and 2.
12
Chemical formulaC76H168N4Mo8O26C38H84N2Mo6O19
Formula weight2321.661448.71
Crystal systemtriclinictriclinic
Space groupP 1 ¯ (No.2)P 1 ¯ (No.2)
a (Å)9.958(8)9.911(8)
b (Å)11.149(3)22.34(3)
c (Å)24.95(2)25.58(3)
α (°)98.06(4)102.78(4)
β (°)94.828(7)99.12(3)
γ (°)115.66(4)91.19(4)
V (Å3)2439(3)5444(10)
Z14
ρcalcd (g cm-3)1.5801.768
T (K)173173
μ(Mo Kα) (mm-1)1.0621.407
No. of reflections measured2131348956
No. of independent reflections1038322835
No. of parameters515594
R1 (I > 2σ(I))0.05130.0642
wR2 (all data)0.09210.1748

3. Experimental

3.1. Syntheses

Compounds 1 and 2 were synthesized by a modified literature procedure [24]. To 10 mL of aqueous solution of Na2MoO4•2H2O (2.5 g, 10.3 mmol) was added 7 M HCl (2.9 mL, 20.9 mmol) with vigorous stirring. After 1 min, a water/ethanol (15 mL, 2:1 (v/v)) solution of C16Br (1.37 g, 3.8 mmol) was added to form a pale yellow precipitate. This suspension was heated at 60–80 ºC for 90 min with stirring, then filtered and dried with suction. Recrystallization of the crude product from hot acetonitrile gave colorless plates of 1, and the remaining pale yellow supernatant was air-dried to obtain yellow plates of 2. Data for 1: Anal. Calcd. for C76H168N4Mo8O26: C, 39.3; H, 7.3; N, 2.4%. Found: C, 39.4; H, 6.9 N, 2.5%. IR (KBr disk): 952 (m), 917 (s), 859 (m), 806 (s), 720 (w), 668 (m), 554 (w) cm-1. Data for 2: Anal. Calcd. for C38H84N2Mo6O19: C, 31.5; H, 5.8; N, 1.9%. Found: C, 31.5; H, 5.7 N, 2.0%. IR (KBr disk): 964 (s), 799 (s) cm-1.

3.2. Crystallography

All measurements were made on a Rigaku RAXIS RAPID imaging plate diffractometer with graphite monochromated Mo-Kα radiation (λ = 0.71075 Å). Numerical absorption correction was performed for 1, and empirical absorption correction was performed for 2. The both structures were solved by direct methods (SHELXS-97) and refined (SHELXL-97) with SHELX-97 [31] and CrystalStructure [32] software packages.
In the refinement procedure for 1, all non-hydrogen atoms were refined anisotropically, and the hydrogen atoms on C atoms were located in calculated positions. For 2, Mo atoms were refined anisotropically, while other non-hydrogen atoms were refined isotropically utilizing suitable restraints of the N-C and C-C distances. Some C atoms were disordered. The hydrogen atoms on C atoms were located in calculated positions, while several hydrogen atoms relevant to the disordered C atoms were not included in the refinement.

4. Conclusions

We have synthesized two polyoxometalate hybrid crystals of [(C16H33)N(CH3)3]4[α-Mo8O26] (1) and [(C16H33)N(CH3)3]2[Mo6O19] (2) by using one kind of surfactant. The layered structures are formed by the alternate stacking of polyoxomolybdate inorganic layers and C16 organic bilayers. The packing manner of Mo8 in 1 and Mo6 in 2 is different, which reveals that the lattice structure can be designed in the polyoxometalate/surfactant hybrids by the molecular structure of polyoxometalate.

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to Tomoji Ozeki (Tokyo Institute of Technology) for helpful advice on X-ray structure analysis. Financial supports from Nippon Sheet Glass Foundation and Iketani Science and Technology Foundation are acknowledged.

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MDPI and ACS Style

Ito, T.; Yamase, T. Controllable Layered Structures in Polyoxomolybdate-Surfactant Hybrid Crystals. Materials 2010, 3, 158-164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3010158

AMA Style

Ito T, Yamase T. Controllable Layered Structures in Polyoxomolybdate-Surfactant Hybrid Crystals. Materials. 2010; 3(1):158-164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3010158

Chicago/Turabian Style

Ito, Takeru, and Toshihiro Yamase. 2010. "Controllable Layered Structures in Polyoxomolybdate-Surfactant Hybrid Crystals" Materials 3, no. 1: 158-164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3010158

APA Style

Ito, T., & Yamase, T. (2010). Controllable Layered Structures in Polyoxomolybdate-Surfactant Hybrid Crystals. Materials, 3(1), 158-164. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma3010158

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