Material Performance and Animal Clinical Studies on Performance-Optimized Hwangtoh Mixed Mortar and Concrete to Evaluate Their Mechanical Properties and Health Benefits
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material Properties of Activated Hwangtoh Mixed Concrete
2.1. Reaction Mechanism
Component | Unit Mass Percentage (%) | |
---|---|---|
Hwangtoh | Cement | |
SiO2 | 57.7 | 22.0 |
Al2O3 | 29.5 | 5.80 |
Fe2O3 | 6.32 | 3.30 |
K2O | 3.54 | – |
TiO2 | 1.12 | – |
MgO | 1.06 | 1.20 |
F | 0.22 | – |
CaO | 0.126 | 64.04 |
Na2O | 0.114 | – |
P2O5 | 0.0620 | – |
MnO | 0.0518 | – |
SO3 | 0.0434 | – |
2.2. Calculating the Replacement Ratio of Activated Hwangtoh
2.3. Slump Test
Water-to-binder ratio (%) | Hwangtoh replacement ratio (%) | Plasticizer (%) | Slump (cm) |
---|---|---|---|
45 | Control | – | 13 |
20 | – | 3.5 | |
1 | 6 | ||
1.5 | 9–10 | ||
2 | 15–18 |
2.4. Compressive Strength
Specimen | Unit (kg/m3) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W | C | S | G | HT | GGBS | F | |
Control | 176 | 409 | 679 | 1034 | – | – | – |
G 5F25 | 204.5 | 81.8 | 20.45 | 102.3 | |||
G10F20 | 40.9 | 81.8 | |||||
C15F15 | 61.35 | 61.35 | |||||
G20F10 | 81.8 | 40.9 | |||||
G25F 5 | 102.3 | 20.45 |
Specimen | Unit (kg/m3) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W | C | S | G | HT | GGBS | F | |
Control | 176 | 391 | 681 | 1042 | – | – | – |
G 5F25 | 195.5 | 78.2 | 19.55 | 97.75 | |||
G10F20 | 39.1 | 78.2 | |||||
C15F15 | 58.65 | 58.65 | |||||
G20F10 | 78.2 | 39.1 | |||||
G25F 5 | 97.75 | 19.55 |
Specimen | Unit (kg/m3) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
W | C | S | G | HT | GGBS | F | |
Control | 176 | 352 | 694 | 1062 | – | – | – |
G 5F25 | 176 | 70.4 | 17.6 | 88 | |||
G10F20 | 35.2 | 70.4 | |||||
C15F15 | 52.8 | 52.8 | |||||
G20F10 | 70.4 | 35.2 | |||||
G25F 5 | 88 | 17.6 |
2.5. pH
3. Health Benefit Assessment of Activated Hwangtoh Mixed Concrete
4. Temperature and Humidity Changes Depending on Mixture Ratios
4.1. Amount of Food and Water Intake
4.2. Weight Gain
5. Aggression
Fertility Rate
6. Residential Environment Selection
7. Conclusions
- (1)
- Although the activated Hwangtoh mixed concrete showed slightly lower compressive strength than the ordinary concrete, it is a suitable construction material, except in those cases that require exceptionally high strength and durability.
- (2)
- Because the activated Hwangtoh mixed concrete tended to absorb more water, the optimal addition rate of superplasticizer for better workability was 1.5 volume %.
- (3)
- The pH of the activated Hwangtoh mixed concrete was lower than that of ordinary concrete.
- (4)
- The differences in temperature and relative humidity between OPC mortar and Hwangtoh cement mortar measured from the residence selection casts were 0.1 °C–1.5 °C and 1.0%–5.0%, respectively.
- (5)
- The amount of food and water intake by the mice in the activated Hwangtoh environment was considerably higher than that in the OPC environment. Also, the mice in the activated Hwangtoh environment had a higher fertility rate and healthier offspring.
- (6)
- The ICR mice moved to the ordinary cement cast only for food and water. At all other times, they stayed in the activated Hwangtoh living quarter.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Koo, B.-M.; Kim, J.-H.J.; Kim, T.-K.; Kim, B.-Y. Material Performance and Animal Clinical Studies on Performance-Optimized Hwangtoh Mixed Mortar and Concrete to Evaluate Their Mechanical Properties and Health Benefits. Materials 2015, 8, 6257-6276. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8095306
Koo B-M, Kim J-HJ, Kim T-K, Kim B-Y. Material Performance and Animal Clinical Studies on Performance-Optimized Hwangtoh Mixed Mortar and Concrete to Evaluate Their Mechanical Properties and Health Benefits. Materials. 2015; 8(9):6257-6276. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8095306
Chicago/Turabian StyleKoo, Bon-Min, Jang-Ho Jay Kim, Tae-Kyun Kim, and Byung-Yun Kim. 2015. "Material Performance and Animal Clinical Studies on Performance-Optimized Hwangtoh Mixed Mortar and Concrete to Evaluate Their Mechanical Properties and Health Benefits" Materials 8, no. 9: 6257-6276. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma8095306