3D Bioprinting Technologies for Hard Tissue and Organ Engineering
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. 3D Printing Technologies
2.1. Classification of 3D Printing Technologies
2.1.1. Categories Divided in Working Principles
2.1.2. Categories Divided in Starting Material States
2.1.3. 3D Printing Categories in Energy Sources
2.1.4. Categories Divided in Biological Functions
2.2. Three Main 3D Bioprinting Technologies
2.2.1. Inkjet-Based 3D Bioprinting
2.2.2. Laser-Based 3D Bioprinting
2.2.3. Extrusion-Based 3D Bioprinting
3. Examples of 3D Bioprinting Technologies for Hard Tissue and Organ Engineering
3.1. Hard Tissue Scaffolds Printing
3.2. Construction of Patient-Specific Tissues
3.3. Hard Organ Printing
4. Conclusions and Future Directions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Technique | Working principle | Main starting biomaterials | Advantages | Disadvantages | Morphology | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Extrusion-based rapid prototyping (RP) | Fluidic material is forced through a piston nozzle at a low temperature (≤−20 °C) | Natural or synthetic polymer solutions | A wide range of materials can be used; high accuracy; flexible; reproducible; scalable; growth factors can be incorporated; constructs with high mechanical properties can be obtained | Organic solvents are needed for synthetic polymer deposition; cells are difficult to be incorporated | | [59] |
Pneumatic extrusion-based bioplotter | Polymer strands stabilized layer-by-layer in a liquid medium | Natural polymer solutions, such as alginate and proteins, cells and growth factors can be incorporated | Good biocompatibilities | Low cell survival rate; weak mechanical properties; fragile | | [141] |
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) | Strands of heated polymers extruded through nozzles | Synthetic polymers, such as acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), poly lactic acid (PLA), polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) | Automated; controllable; fast; sophisticated; accurate; reproducible; scalable | Limited materials can be used; cells cannot be incorporated directly | | [142] |
FDM | Strands of polymer composite extruded through a commercial FDM (MakerBot) | Hydroxyapatite (HA) incorporated polycaprolactone (PCL) | Automated; controllable; fast; sophisticated; accurate; reproducible; scalable | Limited materials can be used; cells cannot be incorporated directly | | [143] |
Indirect 3D bio-printing | Fibrin-polymer–ceramic scaffolds manufactured by fused deposition modeling | Calcium phosphate modified PCL (PCL-CaP) and treated with fibrinogen | A wide range of biomaterials can be used; cells and bioactive agents can be incorporated | Low accuracy of the final structures; complex processing procedures | | [144] |
Indirect micro-stereolithography (mSTL) | Tracheal cartilage regeneration on an indirect printed gelatin sponge | Poly-(l-Lactide-co-ε-caprolactone)/gelatin, heparin, transforming growth factor-β1, chondrocytes | A wide range of biomaterials can be used; bioactive agents can be incorporated | Low accuracy of the final structures; complex processing procedures; limited mechanical properties | | [111] |
Laser-based stereolithography (SLA) | A small-spot of laser is used for solid polymers | Synthetic polymers | High resolution; cells can be incorporated | Limited materials; low throughput | | [54,85] |
Thermal inkjet-based AM | Collagen was dissolved into phosphoric acid-based binder solution to fabricate collagen-calcium phosphate composites | Collagen solutions | The fabrication temperature can be reduced | Low accuracy; low mechanical properties; cells cannot be incorporated | | [113] |
Extrusion-based RP | Pneumatic forced nozzles for fluidic materials | Natural or synthetic polymer solutions | A wide range of biomaterials can be used; cells, bioactive agents can be incorporated | Nozzle easily clogging; harms to cells | | [35] |
Inkjet-based RP | Fluidic material is forced through an orifice | Hyaluronic acid (HA) improved gelatin-methacrylamide (gelMA) hydrogels | High mechanical properties; cells, bioactive agents can be incorporated | Limited biomaterials can be used; limited height of the construct | | [144] |
Direct write (DW) RP | 3D ink writing (or robocasting) in an oil bath | A concentrated colloidal gel (typically 50% HA particles suspended in an aqueous medium) | Two materials can be printed in a construct | Limited biomaterials can be used; limited height of the construct | | [95] |
Double nozzle extrusion-based RP | Fluidic materials are forced through two piston nozzles at a temperature about 10 °C | Natural polymer hydrogels, such as gelatin, gelatin/alginate, and gelatin/alginate/fibrinogen | A wide range of biomaterials can be used; cells, bioactive agents can be incorporated; branched vascular systems can be easily created; excellent biocompatibilities | Weak mechanical properties; high concentration of hydrogels affects cell–cell interactions; easily being biodegraded under in vivo conditions | | [120,121] |
Double nozzle low-temperature extrusion-based RP | Fluidic materials are forced through two piston nozzles at a temperature ≤−20 °C | Natural and synthetic polymer solutions | A wide range of biomaterials can be used; cells, growth factors, cytokines, chemicals, genes can be incorporated; branched vascular systems can be easily created; high mechanical properties; stable; fast; controllable; sophisticated; accurate; scalable; reproducible | High concentration of natural hydrogels affects cell–cell interactions; organic solvents are needed for synthetic polymer dissolution and to be removed after printing | | [61,62,127,128] |
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Wang, X.; Ao, Q.; Tian, X.; Fan, J.; Wei, Y.; Hou, W.; Tong, H.; Bai, S. 3D Bioprinting Technologies for Hard Tissue and Organ Engineering. Materials 2016, 9, 802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9100802
Wang X, Ao Q, Tian X, Fan J, Wei Y, Hou W, Tong H, Bai S. 3D Bioprinting Technologies for Hard Tissue and Organ Engineering. Materials. 2016; 9(10):802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9100802
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Xiaohong, Qiang Ao, Xiaohong Tian, Jun Fan, Yujun Wei, Weijian Hou, Hao Tong, and Shuling Bai. 2016. "3D Bioprinting Technologies for Hard Tissue and Organ Engineering" Materials 9, no. 10: 802. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9100802