Strength Development and Hydration Behavior of Self-Activation of Commercial Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag Mixed with Purified Water
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Experimental Program
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Materials Parameters of GGBFS
3.2. Characterization of Hardened Pastes
4. Conclusions
- (1)
- The raw GGBFS samples showed quantitative and qualitative differences in the material parameters, which were compositional indicators (CM, KSB, and Net-MD), and particle-size distribution, as well as calcium-sulfate, alkali, and glass-phase content.
- (2)
- In this study, the strength was not governed by any single dominant parameter, but was rather the comprehensive consequence of all material parameters of the raw GGBFS (summarized in Table 3); the relative comparison of these parameters predicted that the S- and D-pastes would produce the highest and the lowest strengths, respectively.
- (3)
- S-Slag produced a high strength that was comparable to that of alkali- or Ca(OH)2-activated GGBFS.
- (4)
- All paste samples produced C-S-H, but only the S- and K-pastes formed ettringite as a main-reaction product; the ettringite formation improved the early strength of the S- and K-pastes.
- (5)
- The S-paste formed the largest amount of C-S-H and ettringite, which could be one of the possible causes for the best strength of the S-paste.
- (6)
- The degree of dissolution of GGBFS with purified water was indirectly estimated through the monitoring of the pH of diluted GGBFS paste and the gradual reduction of amorphous humps in the XRD analysis, which were increased more by the smaller particle size, the higher alkali content, and the higher calcium-sulfate content of the GGBFS than by the other material parameters, such as a high glass content; in particular, the calcium-sulfate content appeared to be the most responsible for the dissolution.
- (7)
- The highest degree of dissolution of GGBFS was found in the S-paste, which also showed the extended dissolution of the glass phase after seven days, unlike the other pastes. These also explain the best strength of the S-paste.
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Raw GGBFS | CaSO4 (Anhydrite) | CaSO4·2H2O (Gypsum) | CaO | Calcite | Quartz | Glass Phase | Glass Content Without Anhydrite and Gypsum |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S-Slag | 4.7 | 3.2 | - | 2.6 | - | 89.5 | 97.2 |
K-Slag | 6.0 | - | 0.2 | - | 1.7 | 92.1 | 98.2 |
D-Slag | - | - | - | 2.4 | - | 97.6 | 97.6 |
GGBFS | Oxide Composition (wt. %) | Parameters | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CaO | SiO2 | Al2O3 | MgO | SO3 | TiO2 | K2O | Fe2O3 | MnO | Na2O | KSB 1 | CM 2 | Net-MD 3 | |
S-Slag | 46.6 | 29.8 | 12.6 | 4.7 | 4.3 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2.1 | 1.7 | 52.8 |
K-Slag | 43.4 | 32.8 | 13.6 | 2.6 | 4.1 | 0.9 | 0.6 | 1.0 | 0.3 | 0.5 | 1.8 | 1.4 | 49.9 |
D-Slag | 46.3 | 31.8 | 13.5 | 4.7 | 1.8 | 0.6 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 2.0 | 1.6 | 52.8 |
Positive Parameters for Increasing Hydraulic Reactivity of GGBFS | S-Slag | K-Slag | D-Slag |
---|---|---|---|
Values of CM and KSB | ●●● | ●● | ●●● |
Atomic % content of network modifying elements (Ca + Na + K + Mg) (Net-MD) in glass phase | ●●● | ●● | ●●● |
Content of calcium sulfate source | ●●● | ●● | ● |
Fraction of smaller particles | ●●● | ●● | ● |
Content of alkalis (i.e., Na2O and K2O) | ●● | ●●● | ●● |
Content of glass phase without external chemicals | ●● | ●●● | ●● |
Phase | Temperature Range of Weight Loss |
---|---|
C-S-H | 105 °C [28] 120–145 °C [25] 106 ± 4 °C for first peak, 129 ± 4 °C for second peak [29] C-S-H loses its water over a broad temperature range, but the maximum loss occurs at 120–160 °C [30] 100–200 °C for C-S-H(I), 115–125 °C for C-S-H [3] |
Ettringite | 183 ± 3 °C [29] 80–130 °C [30,31] |
Gypsum | 80–220 °C (max. 167 °C) via transformation to anhydrite [32] 100–200 °C due to dehydration [33] |
Calcite (CaCO3) | 720–760 °C [25] 680–760 °C [30] |
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Park, H.; Jeong, Y.; Jeong, J.-H.; Oh, J.E. Strength Development and Hydration Behavior of Self-Activation of Commercial Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag Mixed with Purified Water. Materials 2016, 9, 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9030185
Park H, Jeong Y, Jeong J-H, Oh JE. Strength Development and Hydration Behavior of Self-Activation of Commercial Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag Mixed with Purified Water. Materials. 2016; 9(3):185. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9030185
Chicago/Turabian StylePark, Hyeoneun, Yeonung Jeong, Jae-Hong Jeong, and Jae Eun Oh. 2016. "Strength Development and Hydration Behavior of Self-Activation of Commercial Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag Mixed with Purified Water" Materials 9, no. 3: 185. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9030185