Novel Dental Cement to Combat Biofilms and Reduce Acids for Orthodontic Applications to Avoid Enamel Demineralization
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. MPC Incorporation into RMGI
2.2. NAg Incorporation into RMGI
2.3. DMAHDM Incorporation into RMGI
- (1)
- Non-bioactive control: Transbond XT control (referred to as TB control);
- (2)
- F-releasing control: Vitremer control (referred to as VT control);
- (3)
- Protein-repellent group: 97% Vitremer + 3% MPC (referred to as VT + MPC);
- (4)
- QAM group: 98.5% Vitremer + 1.5% DMAHDM (referred to as VT + DMAHDM);
- (5)
- Nano-silver group: 99.9% Vitremer + 0.1% NAg (referred to as VT + NAg);
- (6)
- Protein-repellent + QAM group: 95.5% Vitremer + 3% MPC + 1.5% DMAHDM (referred to as VT + MPC + DMAHDM);
- (7)
- Protein-repellent + Nano-silver group: 96.9% Vitremer + 3% MPC + 0.1% NAg (referred to as VT + MPC + NAg);
- (8)
- QAM + Nano-silver group: 98.4% Vitremer + 1.5% DMAHDM + 0.1% NAg (referred to as VT + DMAHDM + NAg);
- (9)
- Protein-repellent + QAM + Nano-silver group: 95.4% Vitremer + 3% MPC + 1.5% DMAHDM + 0.1% NAg (referred to as VT + MPC + DMAHDM + NAg).
2.4. Enamel Shear Bond Strength (SBS) and Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI)
2.5. Measurement of Protein Adsorption onto Orthodontic Cement Surface
2.6. Saliva Collection for Biofilm Inoculum
2.7. Live/Dead Staining of Biofilms Grown on Orthodontic Cements
2.8. MTT Assay of Metabolic Activity of Biofilms on Orthodontic Cements
2.9. Lactic Acid Production by Biofilms on Orthodontic Cements
2.10. Colony-Forming Unit (CFU) Counts of Biofilms on Orthodontic Cements
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Disclaimer
References
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Group | Water-Aging | ARI Scores | Sig. * | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | |||
TB control | 1 day | 0 | 0 | 6 | 4 | a |
VT control | 1 day | 4 | 6 | 0 | 0 | b |
VT + MPC | 1 day | 4 | 6 | 0 | 0 | b |
VT + DMAHDM | 1 day | 3 | 7 | 0 | 0 | b |
VT + NAg | 1 day | 4 | 6 | 0 | 0 | b |
VT + MPC + DMAHDM | 1 day | 4 | 6 | 0 | 0 | b |
VT + MPC + NAg | 1 day | 4 | 6 | 0 | 0 | b |
VT + DMAHDM + NAg | 1 day | 3 | 7 | 0 | 0 | b |
VT + MPC + DMAHDM + NAg | 1 day | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | b |
TB control | 30 days | 0 | 1 | 8 | 1 | a |
VT control | 30 days | 4 | 6 | 0 | 0 | b |
VT + MPC | 30 days | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | b |
VT + DMAHDM | 30 days | 4 | 6 | 0 | 0 | b |
VT + NAg | 30 days | 3 | 7 | 0 | 0 | b |
VT + MPC + DMAHDM | 30 days | 4 | 6 | 0 | 0 | b |
VT + MPC + NAg | 30 days | 4 | 6 | 0 | 0 | b |
VT + DMAHDM + NAg | 30 days | 3 | 7 | 0 | 0 | b |
VT + MPC + DMAHDM + NAg | 30 days | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | b |
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Zhang, N.; Melo, M.A.S.; Antonucci, J.M.; Lin, N.J.; Lin-Gibson, S.; Bai, Y.; Xu, H.H.K. Novel Dental Cement to Combat Biofilms and Reduce Acids for Orthodontic Applications to Avoid Enamel Demineralization. Materials 2016, 9, 413. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9060413
Zhang N, Melo MAS, Antonucci JM, Lin NJ, Lin-Gibson S, Bai Y, Xu HHK. Novel Dental Cement to Combat Biofilms and Reduce Acids for Orthodontic Applications to Avoid Enamel Demineralization. Materials. 2016; 9(6):413. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9060413
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Ning, Mary Anne S. Melo, Joseph M. Antonucci, Nancy J. Lin, Sheng Lin-Gibson, Yuxing Bai, and Hockin H.K. Xu. 2016. "Novel Dental Cement to Combat Biofilms and Reduce Acids for Orthodontic Applications to Avoid Enamel Demineralization" Materials 9, no. 6: 413. https://doi.org/10.3390/ma9060413