Whitebark Pine in Crater Lake and Lassen Volcanic National Parks: Assessment of Stand Structure and Condition in a Management and Conservation Perspective
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
3.1. Crater Lake National Park
3.2. Lassen Volcanic National Park
4. Discussion
4.1. Crater Lake National Park
4.2. Lassen Volcanic National Park
4.3. Regional Patterns
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Code | Description |
---|---|
Plot-level variables | |
BaOther | Summed basal area of all non-WBP individuals in a plot (m2/ha) |
BaWBP | Summed basal area of all WBP individuals in a plot (m2/ha). |
Cwd | Average climatic water deficit (potential evapotranspiration-actual evapotranspiration, mm) |
Tree-level variables | |
Dbh | Diameter at breast height (cm) |
Wpbr | Blister rust infection (Active and inactive cankers) (y/n) |
Mpb | Mountain pine beetle infestation (y/n) |
Cones | Female cones (y/n) |
Parameter | CRLA | LAVO | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | |
Live Trees (# individuals/ha) | ||||
mountain hemlock | 312.53 | 444.57 | 525.87 | 505.55 |
whitebark pine | 126.93 | 218.24 | 87.60 | 86.30 |
lodgepole pine | 34.53 | 55.67 | 0.13 | 0.73 |
red fir | 9.73 | 45.90 | 5.73 | 10.85 |
western white pine | 0.27 | 1.46 | 0.13 | 0.73 |
Live Trees (basal area, m2/ha) | ||||
mountain hemlock | 20.01 | 25.69 | 14.47 | 14.52 |
whitebark pine | 2.60 | 3.73 | 2.79 | 3.73 |
lodgepole pine | 1.33 | 2.46 | <0.01 | 0 |
red fir | 0.26 | 1.37 | 0.16 | 0.43 |
western white pine | <0.01 | 0.01 | <0.01 | 0 |
Dead whitebark pine (# individuals/ha) | 7.08 | 9.01 | 10 | 18.66 |
Dead whitebark pine (basal area, m2/ha) | 1.85 | 3.49 | 0.40 | 1.06 |
Proportion blister rust infected trees (basal area, m2/ha) | 0.51 | 0.32 | 0.54 | 0.35 |
Proportion mountain pine beetle infested trees (basal area, m2/ha) | 0.02 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.03 |
Covariate | CRLA | LAVO |
---|---|---|
BaWBP (m2/ha) | 4.45 (5.55) | 3.19 (3.99) |
BaOther (m2/ha) | 29.76 (28.76) | 16.99 (15.2) |
Cwd (mm) | 8.04 (2.32) | 8.81 (1.74) |
Dbh (cm) | 14.11 (7.04) | 15.32 (13.33) |
Characteristic | Model | Est | Std. Error | p | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incidence of white pine blister rust | Dbh | 0.372 | 0.086 | <0.001 | (0.203, 0.540) |
Cwd | 0.596 | 0.252 | <0.05 | (0.101, 1.091) | |
BaWBP | −0.365 | 0.321 | 0.255 | (−0.994, 0.263) | |
BaOther | −0.069 | 0.185 | 0.707 | (−0.434, 0.294) | |
Incidence of mpb | Wpbr | 2.359 | 0.754 | <0.01 | (0.881, 3.387) |
Cwd | 0.384 | 0.263 | 0.144 | (−0.131, 0.900) | |
Dbh | −0.273 | 0.268 | 0.308 | (−0.798, 0.252) | |
BaOther | 0.160 | 0.231 | 0.488 | (−0.293, 0.614) | |
BaWBP | −0.127 | 0.263 | 0.628 | (−0.644, 0.389) | |
Production of cones | Dbh | 1.425 | 0.151 | <0.001 | (1.128, 1.721) |
BaOther | −1.24 | 0.449 | <0.01 | (−2.123, −0.362) | |
Cwd | 0.717 | 0.410 | 0.080 | (−0.086, 1.521) | |
Wpbr | 0.157 | 0.279 | 0.572 | (−0.389, 0.704) | |
Mpb | 0.645 | 0.749 | 0.389 | (−0.823, 2.114) | |
BaWPB | −0.077 | 0.374 | 0.836 | (−0.811, 0.657) | |
Proportion of average canopy killed | Dbh | 0.243 | 0.031 | <0.001 | (0.182, 0.304) |
Wpbr | 0.228 | 0.063 | <0.001 | (0.104, 0.351) | |
BaOther | 0.185 | 0.063 | <0.01 | (0.061, 0.310) | |
BaWBP | 0.303 | 0.107 | <0.01 | (0.092, 0.515) | |
Mpb | 0.433 | 0.178 | <0.05 | (0.083, 0.782) | |
Cwd | −0.028 | 0.085 | 0.739 | (−0.194, 0.138) |
Characteristic | Model | Est | Std. Error | p | 95% CI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Incidence of white pine blister rust | Dbh | −0.049 | 0.106 | 0.644 | (−0.257, 0.159) |
Cwd | 0.312 | 0.357 | 0.383 | (−0.375, 1.005) | |
BaWBP | −0.604 | 0.451 | 0.180 | (−1.475, 0.261) | |
BaOther | −0.161 | 0.347 | 0.642 | (−0.830, 0.508) | |
Production of cones | Dbh | 1.087 | 0.121 | <0.001 | (0.849, 1.325) |
BaOther | −0.325 | 0.177 | 0.067 | (−0.672, 0.022) | |
Cwd | 0.079 | 0.176 | 0.651 | (−0.264, 0.424) | |
Wpbr | −0.102 | 0.236 | 0.664 | (−0.566, 0.361) | |
BaWPB | 0.199 | 0.206 | 0.333 | (−0.202, 0.603) | |
Mpb | −0.712 | 0.871 | 0.413 | (−2.41, 1.00) | |
Proportion of average canopy killed | Wpbr | 0.464 | 0.074 | <0.001 | (0.293, 0.635) |
Cwd | −0.232 | 0.106 | 0.030 | (−0.441, −0.023) | |
Mpb | 0.509 | 0.265 | 0.055 | (−0.011, 1.030) | |
Dbh | −0.031 | 0.038 | 0.421 | (−0.107, 0.044) | |
BaOther | 0.074 | 0.102 | 0.471 | (−0.127, 0.275) | |
Ba_WBP | 0.064 | 0.131 | 0.623 | (−0.322, 0.193) |
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Jackson, J.I.; Smith, S.B.; Nesmith, J.C.B.; Starcevich, L.A.; Hooke, J.S.; Buckley, S.; Jules, E.S. Whitebark Pine in Crater Lake and Lassen Volcanic National Parks: Assessment of Stand Structure and Condition in a Management and Conservation Perspective. Forests 2019, 10, 834. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10100834
Jackson JI, Smith SB, Nesmith JCB, Starcevich LA, Hooke JS, Buckley S, Jules ES. Whitebark Pine in Crater Lake and Lassen Volcanic National Parks: Assessment of Stand Structure and Condition in a Management and Conservation Perspective. Forests. 2019; 10(10):834. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10100834
Chicago/Turabian StyleJackson, Jenell I., Sean B. Smith, Jonathan C.B. Nesmith, Leigh Ann Starcevich, Jennifer S. Hooke, Steve Buckley, and Erik S. Jules. 2019. "Whitebark Pine in Crater Lake and Lassen Volcanic National Parks: Assessment of Stand Structure and Condition in a Management and Conservation Perspective" Forests 10, no. 10: 834. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10100834