Performance Analysis of Log Extraction by a Small Shovel Operation in Steep Forests of South Korea
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Harvest Unit No. | Stand Type | Average DBH a (cm) | Average Volume (m3) | Stand Density (Trees/ha) | Average Slope (%) | Average Total Travelled Distance (m) | Productivity (m3/day) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
tree−1 | ha−1 | |||||||
1 | Deciduous | 22 | 0.26 | 112 | 435 | 64 | 58 | 50.9 |
2 | Deciduous | 22 | 0.26 | 119 | 466 | 60 | 60 | 58.4 |
3 | Conifer | 20 | 0.20 | 155 | 756 | 42 | 64 | 59.8 |
4 | Conifer | 22 | 0.24 | 271 | 1129 | 52 | 68 | 58.6 |
5 | Conifer | 24 | 0.34 | 148 | 436 | 42 | 44 | 44.1 |
6 | Conifer | 18 | 0.14 | 155 | 1,107 | 64 | 42 | 26.3 |
7 | Conifer | 24 | 0.30 | 188 | 627 | 32 | 69 | 75.5 |
8 | Deciduous | 32 | 0.56 | 157 | 278 | 64 | 55 | 52.7 |
9 | Conifer | 22 | 0.25 | 190 | 760 | 32 | 61 | 60.3 |
10 | Deciduous | 18 | 0.14 | 105 | 755 | 64 | 43 | 19.5 |
11 | Mix | 22 | 0.25 | 113 | 450 | 42 | 45 | 40.2 |
12 | Mix | 18 | 0.15 | 96 | 650 | 13 | 43 | 47.0 |
13 | Mix | 22 | 0.23 | 97 | 418 | 32 | 58 | 66.8 |
14 | Mix | 24 | 0.30 | 97 | 320 | 32 | 55 | 55.8 |
15 | Deciduous | 24 | 0.28 | 68 | 241 | 52 | 56 | 57.4 |
16 | Deciduous | 24 | 0.29 | 138 | 476 | 42 | 45 | 33.7 |
17 | Deciduous | 20 | 0.19 | 83 | 442 | 64 | 46 | 35.0 |
18 | Deciduous | 22 | 0.23 | 69 | 296 | 60 | 46 | 45.1 |
19 | Conifer | 18 | 0.16 | 118 | 716 | 42 | 53 | 26.1 |
20 | Deciduous | 24 | 0.28 | 72 | 255 | 42 | 42 | 37.7 |
21 | Mix | 18 | 0.18 | 161 | 909 | 40 | 45 | 42.4 |
22 | Mix | 32 | 0.60 | 169 | 282 | 64 | 72 | 78.8 |
23 | Mix | 32 | 0.56 | 162 | 287 | 60 | 65 | 71.8 |
24 | Mix | 20 | 0.19 | 121 | 626 | 52 | 36 | 33.8 |
25 | Deciduous | 18 | 0.16 | 134 | 819 | 64 | 61 | 50.9 |
26 | Deciduous | 24 | 0.27 | 124 | 459 | 52 | 39 | 43.3 |
27 | Deciduous | 18 | 0.15 | 62 | 408 | 52 | 41 | 22.8 |
28 | Mix | 24 | 0.27 | 154 | 580 | 64 | 44 | 43.4 |
29 | Mix | 22 | 0.22 | 77 | 344 | 22 | 45 | 48.9 |
30 | Conifer | 26 | 0.36 | 201 | 558 | 64 | 55 | 60.7 |
Cost Component | Small Shovel |
---|---|
Purchase price (US $) | 54,000.00 |
Salvage value (%) | 20 |
Economic life (year) | 7 |
Scheduled machine hour per year | 1400 |
Interests (%) | 10 |
Insurance (%) | 3 |
Taxes (%) | 2 |
Fuel consumption rate (liter/hour) | 9.0 |
Fuel cost (US $/liter) | 1.20 |
Lubrication (% of fuel cost) | 40 |
Repair and maintenance (% of depreciation) | 90 |
Labor (US $/hour) | 17.00 |
Fringe benefit (% of labor) | 22 |
Fixed cost (US $/hour) | 8.21 |
Operating cost (US $/hour) | 14.52 |
Labor cost (US $/hour) | 20.35 |
Total operation cost (US $/hour) | 45.87 |
Average Productivity Estimator | SE | t | p-Value | Model adj. R2 | Model p-Value | t-Test (p-Value) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
= −2.1861 | 0.9966 | −3.0810 | 0.0396 | 0.7517 | <0.01 | 0.2935 |
+ 3.6873 × Average tree volume (m3) | 1.8400 | 2.2827 | 0.0581 | |||
+ 0.1404 × Average total travelled distance (m) | 0.0205 | 6.9908 | <0.01 |
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Lee, E.; Han, S.-K.; Im, S. Performance Analysis of Log Extraction by a Small Shovel Operation in Steep Forests of South Korea. Forests 2019, 10, 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10070585
Lee E, Han S-K, Im S. Performance Analysis of Log Extraction by a Small Shovel Operation in Steep Forests of South Korea. Forests. 2019; 10(7):585. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10070585
Chicago/Turabian StyleLee, Eunjai, Sang-Kyun Han, and Sangjun Im. 2019. "Performance Analysis of Log Extraction by a Small Shovel Operation in Steep Forests of South Korea" Forests 10, no. 7: 585. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10070585