Optimizing Quality of Wood Pellets Made of Hardwood Processing Residues
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sample Collection and Preparation
2.2. Characterization of Hardwood Flooring Residues
2.3. Pellet Production and Characterization
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Properties of Residues
3.2. Pelletizing Characteristics and Quality of Pellets
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Feedstock Moisture Content (%) | 12 | 15 | As Received | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Compressive Force (N) | 1500 | 2500 | 1500 | 2500 | 1500 | 2500 | ||||||
Temperature (°C) | 100 | 125 | 100 | 125 | 100 | 125 | 100 | 125 | 100 | 125 | 100 | 125 |
Blend # | Pellet Moisture Content | |||||||||||
1 | 6.57 (0.05) | 2.79 (0.18) | 7.10 (.) | 3.15 (.) | 8.39 (0.48) | 3.13 (0.00) | 8.49 (0.09) | 2.88 (0.13) | 4.51 (0.17) | 2.68 (0.63) | 5.26 (0.21) | 3.88 (1.94) |
2 | 5.94 (2.68) | 1.42 (0.93) | 7.28 (0.14) | 2.16 (0.11) | 9.16 (1.91) | 2.92 (0.13) | 8.07 (0.51) | 1.88 (0.61) | 7.31 (2.54) | 2.76 (1.04) | 8.03 (0.00) | 2.39 (0.26) |
3 | 6.51 (0.10) | 1.78 (0.21) | 6.37 (0.14) | 2.00 (0.11) | 6.07 (2.72) | 2.33 (0.34) | 6.16 (0.80) | 2.57 (0.00) | 6.51 (0.10) | 1.78 (0.21) | 6.37 (0.14) | 2.00 (0.11) |
4 | 5.64 (.) | 1.08 (0.81) | 5.98 (0.09) | 2.00 (0.66) | 7.57 (0.46) | 1.36 (1.01) | 6.91 (0.09) | 2.17 (0.04) | 4.84 (0.07) | 1.79 (0.12) | 4.53 (0.52) | 2.31 (0.19) |
5 | 5.34 (0.39) | 0.99 (0.96) | 6.05(.) | 1.40 (0.49) | 7.75 (0.50) | 1.42 (0.40) | 7.94 (0.40) | 1.71 (0.72) | 4.16 (0.07) | 2.67 (0.38) | 4.72 (0.21) | 2.38 (0.49) |
6 | 5.78 (0.29) | 2.12 (0.57) | 6.77 (0.06) | 2.78 (0.02) | . (.) | 3.07 (0.31) | 8.32 (0.01) | 3.34 (0.87) | 4.39 (0.11) | 1.63 (0.26) | 4.68 (0.19) | 2.95 (0.20) |
7 | 7.06 (0.26) | 2.73 (0.25) | 7.27 (0.44) | 2.69 (0.68) | 9.07 (0.35) | 3.37 (0.53) | 8.05 (1.12) | 3.33 (0.54) | 7.06 (0.26) | 2.73 (0.25) | 7.27 (0.44) | 2.69 (0.68) |
8 | 6.25 (.) | 3.05 (.) | 6.15 (.) | 2.75 (.) | 8.38 (0.19) | 3.01 (0.79) | 8.69 (0.07) | 2.91 (0.21) | 5.05 (0.09) | 2.52 (0.37) | 5.34 (0.45) | 2.48 (0.39) |
9 | 6.84 (0.19) | 1.76 (0.10) | 6.18 (0.21) | 2.08 (0.51) | 8.45 (0.54) | 2.48 (0.14) | 7.98 (0.37) | 3.37 (0.40) | 6.48 (0.19) | 1.76 (0.10) | 6.18 (0.20) | 2.08 (0.51) |
10 | 5.73 (0.16) | 1.77 (0.06) | 6.35 (0.14) | 1.53 (0.76) | 8.99 (0.19) | 2.60 (0.14) | 8.49 (0.81) | 2.92 (0.29) | 5.73 (0.16) | 1.77 (0.06) | 6.35 (0.14) | 1.53 (0.76) |
Pellet friction force (N·mm−1) | ||||||||||||
1 | 18.96 (1.20) | 22.11 (3.02) | 22.30 (2.18) | 21.97 (2.01) | 14.38 (1.18) | 16.80 (2.10) | 16.92 (1.83) | 18.33 (1.44) | 22.11 (1.25) | 24.14 (0.93) | 28.08 (2.26) | 25.96 (1.58) |
2 | 10.71 (1.06) | 8.91 (2.81) | 14.99 (1.48) | 11.70 (0.41) | 22.65 (2.17) | 17.16 (1.57) | 24.51 (1.45) | 13.66 (1.05) | 12.75 (1.31) | 14.89 (5.99) | 15.87 (1.81) | 14.09 (3.91) |
3 | 18.94 (1.02) | 17.57 (1.81) | 22.38 (2.34) | 20.70 (2.90) | 20.66 (1.54) | 16.65 (1.96) | 21.10 (1.92) | 17.20 (1.35) | 18.94 (1.02) | 17.57 (1.81) | 22.38 (2.34) | 20.70 (2.90) |
4 | 17.65 (1.20) | 17.56 (1.75) | 20.22 (1.77) | 20.85 (1.47) | 14.09 (1.97) | 16.29 (2.28) | 15.90 (0.82) | 15.45 (2.01) | 18.06 (2.61) | 19.11 (2.12) | 21.01 (2.56) | 22.59 (1.53) |
5 | 19.92 (2.20) | 19.37 (2.49) | 22.83 (1.95) | 18.97 (2.63) | 15.05 (1.23) | 12.83 (2.57) | 14.23 (0.90) | 13.69 (1.35) | 20.44 (1.72) | 23.14 (1.43) | 24.69 (1.50) | 23.68 (1.88) |
6 | 16.86 (1.46) | 15.01 (1.57) | 17.59 (1.44) | 15.87 (2.26) | 16.90 (7.06) | 15.52 (2.27) | 15.87 (1.09) | 14.10 (2.07) | 16.54 (2.25) | 17.65 (2.02) | 18.96 (1.39) | 26.08 (2.16) |
7 | 19.87 (2.11) | 18.77 (3.60) | 19.04 (2.15) | 19.46 (2.67) | 11.26 (0.69) | 10.80 (0.95) | 12.64 (1.39) | 13.41 (2.76) | 19.87 (2.11) | 18.77 (3.60) | 19.04 (2.15) | 19.46 (2.67) |
8 | 21.62 (3.29) | 22.22 (2.88) | 21.16 (1.12) | 21.38 (3.07) | 15.97 (1.95) | 15.76 (2.35) | 17.05 (0.97) | 16.87 (2.93) | 20.21 (0.93) | 23.22 (1.54) | 24.62 (1.81) | 25.06 (3.11) |
9 | 14.10 (2.42) | 10.78 (1.59) | 14.20 (2.14) | 14.04 (2.13) | 12.16 (1.22) | 12.42 (1.32) | 12.78 (1.52) | 12.68 (1.47) | 14.10 (2.43) | 10.78 (1.59) | 14.20 (2.14) | 14.04 (2.13) |
10 | 14.11 (1.14) | 11.83 (1.39) | 19.14 (2.08) | 16.05 (1.74) | 13.62 (1.11) | 11.49 (0.83) | 14.83 (1.42) | 11.88 (1.02) | 14.11 (1.14) | 11.83 (1.39) | 19.14 (2.08) | 16.05 (1.74) |
Pellet density (kg·m−3) | ||||||||||||
1 | 1000 (11) | 1063 (15) | 1070 (13) | 1127 (14) | 904 (20) | 1023 (28) | 950 (26) | 1113 (23) | 1000 (18) | 1071 (13) | 1094 (14) | 1146 (25) |
2 | 930 (17) | 990 (20) | 969 (11) | 1023 (32) | 978 (20) | 1027 (13) | 1028 (14) | 1042 (26) | 936 (35) | 990 (30) | 968 (18) | 1022 (43) |
3 | 1012 (16) | 1034 (15) | 1070 (17) | 1098 (13) | 991 (15) | 1062 (14) | 1049 (11) | 1143 (9) | 1012 (16) | 1034 (15) | 1070 (17) | 1098 (13) |
4 | 1032 (16) | 1070 (28) | 1102 (9) | 1132 (23) | 938 (52) | 1018 (27) | 963 (15) | 1037 (43) | 1032 (16) | 1070 (12) | 1108 (11) | 1154 (13) |
5 | 1033 (19) | 1079 (7) | 1119 (15) | 1125 (51) | 966 (40) | 1012 (42) | 981 (17) | 1007 (40) | 1030 (9) | 1100 (10) | 1126 (9) | 1151 (39) |
6 | 1056 (10) | 1079 (23) | 1114 (9) | 1148 (44) | 1195 (513) | 1032 (49) | 1010 (18) | 1064 (45) | 1070 (14) | 1077 (17) | 1147 (12) | 1162 (13) |
7 | 1097 (24) | 1104 (20) | 1147 (15) | 1146 (33) | 1005 (14) | 1042 (35) | 1034 (10) | 1085 (47) | 1097 (24) | 1104 (20) | 1147 (15) | 1146 (33) |
8 | 1092 (44) | 1125 (9) | 1167 (14) | 1149 (34) | 997 (17) | 1050 (43) | 1037 (20) | 1089 (69) | 1078 (14) | 1091 (23) | 1168 (16) | 1180 (29) |
9 | 1057 (20) | 1094 (6) | 1121 (27) | 1138 (16) | 991 (26) | 1030 (37) | 1022 (41) | 1035 (32) | 1057 (20) | 1094 (6) | 1121 (27) | 1138 (16) |
10 | 1064 (30) | 1096 (5) | 1127 (12) | 1172 (26) | 985 (12) | 1002 (15) | 1007 (18) | 1020 (14) | 1064 (18) | 1096 (13) | 1127 (14) | 1172 (25) |
Pellet strength (N·mm−1) | ||||||||||||
1 | 33.30 (2.18) | 53.39 (3.51) | 40.82 (1.94) | 62.43 (2.69) | 24.78 (1.34) | 39.99 (6.77) | 26.20 (7.28) | 42.48 (26.62) | 31.36 (3.18) | 54.67 (1.50) | 43.72 (4.96) | 61.33 (5.85) |
2 | 38.84 (3.73) | 40.51 (5.56) | 29.46 (1.06) | 39.35 (2.73) | 35.30 (5.45) | 53.05 (6.13) | 42.15 (3.42) | 39.81 (3.30) | 36.43 (1.15) | 39.42 (5.08) | 35.72 (9.18) | 36.75 (5.64) |
3 | 39.63 (2.54) | 44.96 (6.49) | 44.00 (4.25) | 48.25 (1.51) | 39.80 (9.28) | 48.63 (2.11) | 39.86 (3.35) | 58.94 (1.57) | 39.63 (2.54) | 44.96 (6.49) | 44.00 (4.25) | 48.25 (1.51) |
4 | 34.88 (4.24) | 54.15 (11.28) | 45.06 (6.38) | 55.21 (7.59) | 28.00 (7.36) | 36.58 (5.00) | 28.63 (2.05) | 45.84 (4.66) | 35.44 (1.68) | 50.72 (3.05) | 45.41 (4.04) | 64.20 (3.88) |
5 | 43.97 (1.93) | 60.68 (1.75) | 55.43 (3.67) | 77.07 (4.91) | 33.38 (8.05) | 47.08 (10.90) | 38.81 (1.00) | 45.35 (9.48) | 44.55 (2.00) | 65.31 (3.77) | 63.35 (2.91) | 80.54 (6.23) |
6 | 41.43 (1.41) | 52.59 (7.85) | 49.37 (1.32) | 44.68 (29.15) | 32.55 (1.87) | 50.59 (5.72) | 33.08 (4.60) | 53.30 (8.87) | 35.93 (1.42) | 48.05 (8.34) | 50.65 (4.15) | 55.72 (10.49) |
7 | 65.49 (3.42) | 69.02 (7.49) | 67.00 (3.82) | 81.46 (2.28) | 42.61 (1.96) | 60.16 (90.50) | 45.96 (1.48) | 62.24 (6.62) | 65.49 (3.42) | 69.02 (7.49) | 67.00 (3.82) | 81.46 (2.28) |
8 | 53.89 (13.24) | 71.00 (8.30) | 74.34 (6.26) | 86.88 (1.50) | 38.78 (2.23) | 65.77 (9.26) | 43.31 (6.87) | 66.73 (16.80) | 53.37 (4.28) | 65.97 (6.49) | 74.07 (3.61) | 80.54 (12.06) |
9 | 44.85 (2.14) | 53.06 (3.76) | 49.70 (2.12) | 56.76 (4.29) | 32.46 (4.73) | 43.55 (7.40) | 34.27 (4.05) | 38.24 (5.61) | 44.85 (2.14) | 53.06 (3.76) | 49.70 (2.12) | 56.76 (4.29) |
10 | 43.32 (13.37) | 59.53 (4.85) | 60.98 (3.31) | 76.35 (4.86) | 37.78 (2.58) | 47.31 (6.89) | 42.81 (2.74) | 43.87 (3.47) | 43.32 (13.37) | 59.53 (4.85) | 60.98 (3.31) | 76.35 (4.86) |
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Parameter | Dry Shavings | Solid Wood Sawdust | Engineered Wood Sawdust | Green Wood Chips |
---|---|---|---|---|
Moisture content (%, d.b.) | 6.97 ± 0.08 | 8.21 ± 0.31 | 10.01 ± 0.21 | 42.91 ± 2.17 |
Moisture content (%, w.b.) | 6.52 ± 0.07 | 7.59 ± 0.27 | 9.10 ± 0.17 | 30.02 ± 1.07 |
Bulk density (kg m−3) | 123 ± 19 | 195 ± 12 | 133 ± 8 | 52 ± 5 |
Higher heating value (MJ kg−1) | 19.7 ± 0.1 | 19.7 ± 0.1 | 19.4 ± 0.1 | 19.6 ± 0.5 |
Chemical composition (%) | ||||
Extractives | 6.1 ± 0.1 | 8.1 ± 0.2 | 7.0 ± 0.3 | 5.1 ± 0.4 |
Cellulose | 51.0 ± 0.8 | 48.8 ± 1.2 | 50.1 ± 1.4 | 51.0 ± 0.3 |
Hemicellulose | 24.6 ± 0.8 | 24.5 ± 0.6 | 27.0 ± 0.3 | 26.7 ± 0.9 |
Lignin | 18.4 ± 0.2 | 18.6 ± 1.0 | 16.0 ± 1.4 | 17.2 ± 0.3 |
Ash | 0.43 ± 0.03 | 0.69 ± 0.05 | 0.60 ± 0.04 | 0.44 ± 0.03 |
Ultimate analysis (wt %, dry ash free) | ||||
Carbon | 48.03 ± 0.51 | 48.01 ± 0.19 | 47.57 ± 0.59 | 48.95 ± 0.21 |
Nitrogen | 0.06 ± 0.02 | 0.07 ± 0.00 | 0.05 ± 0.01 | 0.06 ± 0.00 |
Sulfur | 0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.01 | 0.02 ± 0.03 |
Major element analysis (mg kg−1) | ||||
Al | 680 ± 129 | 30 ± 0 | 110 ± 140 | 50 ± 10 |
Ca | 870 ± 80 | 1480 ± 170 | 760 ± 100 | 1200 ± 90 |
Fe | 0 ± 0 | 0 ± 0 | 10 ± 10 | 10 ± 10 |
K | 740 ± 120 | 520 ± 40 | 680 ± 130 | 360 ± 40 |
Mg | 20 ± 70 | 180 ± 30 | 290 ± 110 | 190 ± 10 |
P | 70 ± 30 | 40 ± 10 | 30 ± 10 | 80 ± 40 |
Minor element analysis (mg kg−1) | ||||
Cu | 20 ± 20 | 10 ± 10 | 30 ± 10 | 40 ± 20 |
Mn | 40 ± 10 | 40 ± 0 | 40 ± 20 | 130 ± 10 |
Zn | 10 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 10 ± 0 | 20 ± 0 |
Particle Size Distribution (% per Diameter of Hole Screen) | Moisture Content (%, d.b.) | Bulk Density (kg m−3) | Higher Heating Value (MJ kg−1) | Ash Content (%) | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blend # | 3.35 mm | 2.80 mm | 1.40 mm | 1.00 mm | 0.50 mm | 0.25 mm | <0.25 mm | ||||
1 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 10.0 | 38.0 | 33.0 | 16.0 | 6.8 | 220 | 19.79 | 0.37 |
2 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 15.0 | 23.0 | 36.0 | 18.0 | 8.0 | 16.8 | 99 | 19.69 | 0.44 |
3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 8.0 | 19.0 | 39.0 | 24.0 | 11.0 | 11.0 | 163 | 19.78 | 0.41 |
4 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 9.0 | 31.0 | 28.0 | 28.0 | 6.9 | 236 | 19.72 | 0.47 |
5 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.0 | 10.0 | 32.0 | 27.0 | 28.8 | 7.2 | 206 | 19.55 | 0.45 |
6 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 5.0 | 21.0 | 24.0 | 47.0 | 7.5 | 235 | 19.79 | 0.53 |
7 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 4.0 | 9.0 | 19.0 | 18.0 | 49.0 | 11.7 | 129 | 19.56 | 0.53 |
8 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 7.0 | 24.0 | 25.0 | 42.0 | 7.8 | 185 | 19.69 | 0.52 |
9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 7.0 | 11.0 | 20.0 | 17.0 | 44.0 | 11.0 | 179 | 19.69 | 0.62 |
10 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 5.0 | 10.0 | 21.0 | 19.0 | 45.0 | 10.0 | 169 | 19.74 | 0.60 |
Factor | Df | Sum sq | Mean sq | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blend composition | 9 | 4459.4 | 495.49 | 109.2242 | <0.001 |
Blend moisture content | 2 | 1988.2 | 994.08 | 219.133 | <0.001 |
Press compressive force | 1 | 532.3 | 532.26 | 117.3301 | <0.001 |
Press temperature | 1 | 94.2 | 94.15 | 20.7551 | <0.001 |
Press compressive force: Blend composition | 9 | 93.3 | 10.37 | 2.2857 | 0.015 |
Press temperature: Blend composition | 9 | 386.6 | 42.95 | 9.4686 | <0.001 |
Blend moisture content: Blend composition | 18 | 2842.9 | 157.94 | 34.8159 | <0.001 |
Press compressive force: Blend moisture content | 2 | 175.6 | 87.81 | 19.3562 | <0.001 |
Press compressive force: Press temperature | 1 | 11 | 10.96 | 2.4161 | 0.121 |
Blend moisture content: Press temperature | 2 | 84.9 | 42.45 | 9.3569 | <0.001 |
Press compressive force: Blend moisture content: Press temperature | 2 | 0.3 | 0.16 | 0.0356 | 0.965 |
Press compressive force: Blend moisture content: Blend composition | 18 | 255.6 | 14.2 | 3.1303 | <0.001 |
Press compressive force: Press temperature: Blend composition | 9 | 151.3 | 16.81 | 3.7055 | <0.001 |
Blend moisture content: Press temperature: Blend composition | 18 | 351.7 | 19.54 | 4.3074 | <0.001 |
Press compressive force: Blend moisture content: Press temperature: Blend composition | 18 | 115.4 | 6.41 | 1.4133 | 0.118 |
Residuals | 596 | 2703.7 | 4.54 |
Factor | Df | Sum sq | Mean sq | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Blend composition | 9 | 679,781 | 75,531 | 23.2459 | <0.001 |
Blend moisture content | 2 | 622,911 | 311,456 | 95.8554 | <0.001 |
Press compressive force | 1 | 439,546 | 439,546 | 135.2774 | <0.001 |
Press temperature | 1 | 232,895 | 232,895 | 71.6771 | <0.001 |
Press compressive force: Blend composition | 9 | 36,322 | 4036 | 1.2421 | 0.266 |
Press temperature: Blend composition | 9 | 96,469 | 10,719 | 3.2989 | <0.001 |
Blend moisture content: Blend composition | 18 | 380,266 | 21,126 | 6.5018 | <0.001 |
Press compressive force: Blend moisture content | 2 | 63,947 | 31,973 | 9.8404 | <0.001 |
Press compressive force: Press temperature | 1 | 94 | 94 | 0.0289 | 0.865 |
Blend moisture content: Press temperature | 2 | 7466 | 3733 | 1.1489 | 0.317 |
Press compressive force: Blend moisture content: Press temperature | 2 | 8885 | 4443 | 1.3673 | 0.255 |
Press compressive force: Blend moisture content: Blend composition | 18 | 78,938 | 4385 | 1.3497 | 0.151 |
Press compressive force: Press temperature: Blend composition | 9 | 38,329 | 4259 | 1.3107 | 0.228 |
Blend moisture content: Press temperature: Blend composition | 18 | 81,155 | 4509 | 1.3876 | 0.131 |
Press compressive force: Blend moisture content: Press temperature: Blend composition | 18 | 42,871 | 2382 | 0.733 | 0.778 |
Residuals | 600 | 1,949,534 | 3249 |
Factor | Df | Sum sq | Mean sq | F-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Press compressive force | 1 | 3649.4 | 3649.4 | 84.4256 | <0.001 |
Blend moisture content | 2 | 9155.2 | 4577.6 | 105.8972 | <0.001 |
Press temperature | 1 | 13,419.2 | 13,419.2 | 310.4363 | <0.001 |
Blend composition | 9 | 26,164.4 | 2907.2 | 67.2535 | <0.001 |
Press compressive force: Blend composition | 9 | 2005.9 | 222.9 | 5.156 | <0.001 |
Press temperature: Blend composition | 9 | 1994.8 | 221.6 | 5.1276 | <0.001 |
Blend moisture content: Blend composition | 18 | 5842.5 | 324.6 | 7.5089 | <0.001 |
Press compressive force: Blend moisture content | 2 | 855.2 | 427.6 | 9.8926 | <0.001 |
Press compressive force: Press temperature | 1 | 32.5 | 32.5 | 0.753 | 0.386 |
Blend moisture content: Press temperature | 2 | 144 | 72 | 1.6658 | 0.191 |
Press compressive force: Blend moisture content: Press temperature | 2 | 0.6 | 0.3 | 0.0072 | 0.993 |
Press compressive force: Blend moisture content: Blend composition | 18 | 1000.9 | 55.6 | 1.2863 | 0.197 |
Press compressive force: Press temperature: Blend composition | 9 | 405.1 | 45 | 1.0412 | 0.408 |
Blend moisture content: Press temperature: Blend composition | 18 | 1407.4 | 78.2 | 1.8088 | 0.025 |
Press compressive force: Blend moisture content: Press temperature: Blend composition | 18 | 956.9 | 53.2 | 1.2298 | 0.238 |
Residuals | 240 | 10,374.4 | 43.2 |
© 2019 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Thiffault, E.; Barrette, J.; Blanchet, P.; Nguyen, Q.N.; Adjalle, K. Optimizing Quality of Wood Pellets Made of Hardwood Processing Residues. Forests 2019, 10, 607. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10070607
Thiffault E, Barrette J, Blanchet P, Nguyen QN, Adjalle K. Optimizing Quality of Wood Pellets Made of Hardwood Processing Residues. Forests. 2019; 10(7):607. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10070607
Chicago/Turabian StyleThiffault, Evelyne, Julie Barrette, Pierre Blanchet, Quy Nam Nguyen, and Kokou Adjalle. 2019. "Optimizing Quality of Wood Pellets Made of Hardwood Processing Residues" Forests 10, no. 7: 607. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10070607