Patterns of Biomass, Carbon, and Soil Properties in Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb) Plantations with Different Stand Ages and Management Practices
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Field Sampling and Data Collection
2.3. Soil Properties
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Biomass of P. massoniana Stands of Different Age and under Management
3.2. Vegetation Carbon and Soil Carbon
3.3. Effect of Age and Management on Soil Physicochemical Properties
3.4. Relationship of Soil, Vegetation Carbon, and Soil Properties to Stand Age and Management
4. Discussion
4.1. Biomass and Carbon of P. massoniana Stands at Different Ages and under Management Schemes
4.2. P. massoniana Plantations and SOC
4.3. Ecosystem Carbon Storage and P. massoniana Stands
4.4. Soil Physicochemical Properties under Contrasting Stand Management Schemes and Stand Ages
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Biomass Components | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stand Age (Years) | Stem | Bark | Branches | Leaves | Aboveground | Belowground | Total Tree | Shrubs | Herbs | TB |
9 | 18.3 ± 5.7d | 3.1 ± 0.9c | 9.6 ± 4.5c | 6.2 ± 2.5b | 37.3 ± 10.2d | 8.7 ± 2.4d | 46.1 ± 12.1 | 6.1 ± 4.2a | 2.7 ± 0.8a | 54.8 ± 10.1d |
18 | 98.5 ± 8.3c | 8.7 ± 1.4b | 20.5 ± 5.1b | 8.6 ± 1.2b | 136.3 ± 15.6c | 21.7 ± 5.4c | 158.0 ± 21.6 | 8.6 ± 6.1a | 5.5 ± 3.5a | 172.1 ± 41.5c |
28 | 142.5 ± 13.3b | 11.2 ± 2.7ab | 13.7 ± 66.2b | 10.0 ± 1.7a | 177.5 ± 19.3b | 31.3 ± 8.2b | 208.8 ± 18.7 | 10.3 ± 4.2a | 6.3 ± 5.2a | 225.4 ± 56.1b |
48 | 149.3 ± 15.4a | 12.9 ± 3.4a | 38.6 ± 6.2a | 12.1 ± 3.1a | 212.8 ± 21.1a | 53.2 ± 5.3a | 266.0 ± 22.4 | 10.7 ± 7.3a | 7.7 ± 3.2a | 284.4 ± 44.7a |
Management Scheme | ||||||||||
MS | 134 ± 15.3a | 12.0 ± 2.2b | 28.6 ± 5.8a | 14.1 ± 2.5a | 188.7 ± 13.2a | 42.6 ± 7.2a | 231.3 ± 17.5 | 8.3 ± 5.3b | 5.7 ± 5.5b | 245.4 ± 51.4b |
UMS | 114.9 ± 14.2a | 10.9 ± 2.4a | 26.3 ± 5.1a | 11.2 ± 1.2a | 163.3 ± 16.4b | 32.1 ± 8.3b | 195.4 ± 14.2 | 10.4 ± 9.7a | 7.1 ± 6.8a | 212.9 ± 36.1a |
p | Tree Components | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stand Age (Years) | Stem | Bark | Branch | Leaves | Aboveground | Belowground | Total tree | Shrubs | Herbaceous | TC |
9 | 9.2 ± 2.7d | 1.5 ± 0.5c | 4.8 ± 2.2c | 3.1 ± 1.3b | 18.6 ± 5.6d | 4.4 ± 1.2d | 23.0 ± 6.5 | 3.0 ± 2.2a | 1.4 ± 0.4a | 27.4 ± 9.2d |
18 | 49.2 ± 4.2c | 4.4 ± 0.7b | 10.2 ± 2.5b | 4.3 ± 0.6b | 68.1 ± 7.8c | 10.9 ± 2.3c | 79.0 ± 10.3 | 4.3 ± 3.1a | 2.7 ± 1.7a | 86.0 ± 22.1c |
28 | 71.3 ± 6.6b | 5.6 ± 1.4ab | 6.9 ± 3.1b | 5.0 ± 0.8a | 88.7 ± 9.6b | 15.7 ± 4.1b | 104.4 ± 9.3 | 5.2 ± 1.1a | 3.2 ± 2.6a | 112.7 ± 28.4b |
48 | 74.6 ± 7.9a | 6.5 ± 1.8a | 19.3 ± 3.1a | 6.0 ± 1.5a | 106.4 ± 10.2a | 26.6 ± 2.6a | 133.0 ± 11.2 | 5.4 ± 3.6a | 3.9 ± 1.8a | 142.2 ± 21.4a |
Management Schemes | ||||||||||
MS | 66.9 ± 7.6a | 6.0 ± 1.1b | 14.3 ± 3.1a | 7.1 ± 1.2a | 94.3 ± 6.6a | 21.8 ± 3.6a | 116 ± 11.4 | 4.2 ± 2.1b | 2.7 ± 1.3b | 122.6 ± 25.7a |
UMS | 57.5 ± 7.1a | 5.5 ± 1.2a | 13.2 ± 2.5a | 5.5 ± 0.6a | 81.6 ± 8.2b | 16.0 ± 4.1a | 97.7 ± 10.7 | 5.2 ± 4.7a | 3.6 ± 2.4a | 106.5 ± 17.2a |
Variables Stand Age (Years) | SOC | Forest Floor | Total Tree | Ecosystem |
---|---|---|---|---|
9 | 116.4 ± 12.5ab | 4.3 ± 1.6a | 23.0 ± 6.5a | 143.7 ± 24.2b |
18 | 135.0 ± 10.5ab | 6.4 ± 2.2b | 79.0 ± 10.3ab | 220.4 ± 21.7b |
28 | 147.4 ± 17.1a | 8.3 ± 2.5b | 104.4 ± 9.3b | 260.1 ± 33.5a |
48 | 138.1 ± 14.4a | 9.2 ± 2.8ab | 133.0 ± 11.2b | 280.3 ± 49.1a |
Mean | 134.2 ± 13.1ab | 7.1 ± 3.3ab | 84.8 ± 15.4ab | 226.1 ± 26.7ab |
Management Schemes | ||||
MS | 104.9 ± 15.6a | 6.4 ± 2.1a | 116 ± 11.4a | 227.3 ± 21.5a |
UMS | 115.4 ± 18.2b | 9.3 ± 3.4a | 97.7 ± 10.7b | 222.4 ± 18.7b |
Mean | 110.1 ± 15.1ab | 7.9 ± 3.3ab | 112.1 ± 13.5ab | 225.0 ± 14.5ab |
Soil Physical Properties | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TPo (%) | CP (%) | CTWHC (g kg−1) | MNWHC (g kg−1) | MXWHC (g kg−1) | NCP (%) | SD (g cm−3) | |
Management Schemes | |||||||
MS | 5.7a | 20.6b | 168.6b | 135.4a | 212.9a | 5.1a | 1.2a |
UMS | 6.2a | 21.7a | 180.2a | 140.3a | 217.6a | 4.4b | 1.2a |
Age | |||||||
9 years | 25.3a | 20.7b | 159.2b | 117.1b | 195.5b | 4.5b | 1.3a |
18 years | 26.2a | 20.5b | 182.3a | 148.9a | 233.9a | 5.6a | 1.1c |
28 years | 26.1a | 23.2a | 183.5a | 145.6a | 207.6b | 2.9c | 1.2a |
48 years | 26.3a | 20.4b | 172.7a | 139.7a | 223.8a | 5.8a | 1.2b |
Soil Depth | |||||||
1st layer | 26.4a | 20.8a | 183.5a | 145.3a | 235.4a | 5.6a | 1.1b |
2nd layer | 26.4a | 21.2a | 170.5b | 133.6a | 212.8b | 5.2a | 1.2a |
3rd layer | 25.1b | 21.6a | 169.2b | 134.6a | 197.3c | 3.5b | 1.2a |
Interactions | |||||||
A*M | Ns | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
A*SD | ** | ** | * | NS | * | NS | NS |
M*SD | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
M*A*SD | ** | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Soil Chemical Properties | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TP (g kg−1) | AP (g kg−1) | AN (mg kg−1) | OM (%) | TN (g kg−1) | pH | |
Management Schemes | ||||||
UMS | 3.7b | 4.1a | 113.7a | 3.9a | 0.7a | 5.5a |
MS | 4.8a | 2.7b | 130.5a | 3.8a | 0.7a | 5.5a |
Age | ||||||
9 years | 3.7b | 3.8a | 118.8ab | 3.5a | 0.7a | 5.6a |
18 years | 5.4a | 3.4a | 107.6b | 4.1a | 0.8a | 5.6a |
28 years | 2.6c | 3.3a | 119.0ab | 3.8a | 0.7a | 5.5a |
48 years | 5.4a | 2.9a | 142.9a | 4.1a | 0.8a | 5.3b |
Soil Depth | ||||||
soil Layer | 5.4a | 4.5a | 197.1a | 6.5a | 1.3a | 5.2c |
(0–10 cm) | ||||||
3.9b | 3.1b | 100.5b | 3.1b | 0.6b | 5.5b | |
(10–20 cm) | ||||||
3.6b | 2.4b | 68.7c | 2.1c | 0.4c | 5.8a | |
(20–40 cm) | ||||||
Interactions | ||||||
A*M | *** | NS | *** | NS | NS | ** |
A*SD | * | NS | ** | ** | ** | * |
M*SD | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
A*M*SD | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS | NS |
Correlation | R2 | RMSE |
---|---|---|
Age and Soil organic carbon | 0.39 | 8.66 |
Age and Forest Floor carbon | 0.87 | 0.88 |
Age and Vegetation carbon | 0.86 | 16.10 |
Age and Total Ecosystem carbon | 0.78 | 25.24 |
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Ali, A.; Ahmad, A.; Akhtar, K.; Teng, M.; Zeng, W.; Yan, Z.; Zhou, Z. Patterns of Biomass, Carbon, and Soil Properties in Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb) Plantations with Different Stand Ages and Management Practices. Forests 2019, 10, 645. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10080645
Ali A, Ahmad A, Akhtar K, Teng M, Zeng W, Yan Z, Zhou Z. Patterns of Biomass, Carbon, and Soil Properties in Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb) Plantations with Different Stand Ages and Management Practices. Forests. 2019; 10(8):645. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10080645
Chicago/Turabian StyleAli, Ashfaq, Adnan Ahmad, Kashif Akhtar, Mingjun Teng, Weisheng Zeng, Zhaogui Yan, and Zhixiang Zhou. 2019. "Patterns of Biomass, Carbon, and Soil Properties in Masson pine (Pinus massoniana Lamb) Plantations with Different Stand Ages and Management Practices" Forests 10, no. 8: 645. https://doi.org/10.3390/f10080645