Overstory Effects on the Understory of Aleppo Pine Plantations—Implications for Ecosystem Restoration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Overstory Effects on Understory Development
4.2. Overstory Effects on Understory Diversity and Composition
4.3. Management Applications of This Study
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Abbreviation | Min. | Max. | Mean ± SD |
---|---|---|---|---|
Overstory | ||||
Tree density (n ha−1) * | Tree Density | 297 | 594 | 432.8 ± 74.2 |
Average diameter at breast height (cm) | DBH | 26.6 | 33.9 | 29.8 ± 1.8 |
Average tree height (m) | Tree Height | 12.2 | 17.7 | 15.1 ± 1.3 |
Dominant height (m) | Hdom | 14.1 | 18.9 | 16.8 ± 1.2 |
Average base height green canopy (m) | Canopy Green Height | 5.7 | 10.1 | 8.2 ± 0.9 |
Average base height full canopy (m) | Canopy Base Height | 2.3 | 6.5 | 3.9 ± 1.4 |
Average length of full canopy (m) | Canopy Length | 5.4 | 8.6 | 7.0 ± 0.8 |
Basal area (m2 ha−1) | Basal Area | 23.0 | 37.8 | 30.0 ± 4.2 |
Canopy cover (%) | Canopy Cover | 82.5 | 97.1 | 90.9 ± 36.0 |
Average taper ratio | Taper Ratio | 42.0 | 61.5 | 50.7 ± 4.3 |
Average percent. green canopy | Perc. Green Canopy | 19.3 | 55.7 | 44.3 ± 5.9 |
Average tree distance (m) * | Tree Distance | 4.1 | 5.8 | 4.9 ± 0.4 |
Hart-Becking index (%) | Hart-Becking | 22.5 | 36.5 | 29.2 ± 3.5 |
Understory | ||||
Number of species | Richness | 1 | 12 | 7.2 ± 2.9 |
Plant density (plants m−2) | Density | 1.8 | 45.3 | 22.6 ± 11.0 |
Average plant height (m) | Height | 0.1 | 1.3 | 0.5 ± 0.2 |
Magini index | Magini | 0.4 | 28.2 | 11.8 ± 8.0 |
Shannon-Wiener index | Shannon | 0.07 | 1.66 | 1.06 ± 0.39 |
Species | Symbol | Abs. freq. | Rel. freq. | Height (m) | Density (n m−2) | Magini (m m−2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rubia peregrina L. * | Rp | 33 | 1.00 | 0.36 | 7.68 | 2.76 |
Smilax aspera L. * | Sa | 30 | 0.91 | 0.91 | 1.39 | 1.26 |
Phillyrea latifolia L. | Pla | 28 | 0.85 | 0.55 | 1.94 | 1.07 |
Pistacia lentiscus L. | Ple | 28 | 0.85 | 0.63 | 0.53 | 0.33 |
Olea europaea L. var. sylvestris | Oe | 28 | 0.85 | 0.46 | 0.61 | 0.28 |
Rhamnus alaternus L. | Ral | 27 | 0.82 | 0.75 | 2.60 | 1.95 |
Asparagus acutifolius L. * | Aa | 27 | 0.82 | 0.58 | 0.83 | 0.48 |
Quercus coccifera L. | Qc | 25 | 0.76 | 0.47 | 5.69 | 2.67 |
Myrtus communis L. | Mc | 21 | 0.64 | 0.62 | 1.35 | 0.84 |
Rosa sempervirens L. | Rs | 20 | 0.61 | 0.49 | 1.73 | 0.85 |
Ruscus aculeatus L. | Rac | 19 | 0.58 | 0.35 | 1.54 | 0.54 |
Lonicera implexa Aiton * | Li | 17 | 0.52 | 0.68 | 0.72 | 0.49 |
Rubus spp. | Rsp | 15 | 0.45 | 0.77 | 0.65 | 0.50 |
Arbutus unedo L. | Au | 11 | 0.33 | 0.22 | 0.30 | 0.07 |
Osyris alba L. | Oa | 9 | 0.27 | 0.57 | 0.59 | 0.34 |
Clematis flammula L. * | Cf | 6 | 0.18 | 0.82 | 0.22 | 0.18 |
Crataegus monogyna Jacq. | Cm | 3 | 0.09 | 0.28 | 0.15 | 0.04 |
Viburnum tinus L. | Vt | 3 | 0.09 | 0.53 | 0.79 | 0.42 |
Coronilla emerus L. | Ce | 2 | 0.06 | 0.55 | 0.15 | 0.08 |
Quercus ilex L. | Qi | 2 | 0.06 | 1.75 | 0.22 | 0.39 |
Prunus spinosa L. | Ps | 2 | 0.06 | 0.54 | 0.44 | 0.24 |
Prasium majus L. | Pm | 2 | 0.06 | 0.61 | 0.74 | 0.45 |
Laurus nobilis L. | Ln | 1 | 0.03 | 0.32 | 0.74 | 0.24 |
Pittosporum tobira L. (Thunb.) Ait. | Pt | 1 | 0.03 | 0.52 | 0.15 | 0.08 |
Models | Variables | Coeff. | SE | t-value | AICc | R2 fix. | R2 tot. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Density | |||||||
Dh | Hart–Becking | 1.5979 | 0.4210 | 3.7950 *** | 696.5 | 0.25 | 0.73 |
Db | Basal Area | −1.4194 | 0.3415 | −4.1561 *** | 694.9 | 0.28 | 0.73 |
Dc | Can. Cover Can. Base Heig. | −0.0188 1.8134 | 0.0034 0.9065 | −5.4708 *** 2.0003 ns | 694.4 | 0.42 | 0.73 |
Height | |||||||
Hh | Hart–Becking | 0.0407 | 0.0082 | 4.9633 *** | −62.0 | 0.36 | 0.75 |
Hb | Basal Area | −0.0316 | 0.0072 | −4.3687 *** | −58.4 | 0.31 | 0.75 |
Hc | Can. Cover | −0.0005 | 0.0001 | −8.7896 *** | −73.4 | 0.59 | 0.75 |
Magini | |||||||
Mh | Hart–Becking | 1.4262 | 0.2840 | 5.0225 *** | 610.4 | 0.37 | 0.80 |
Mb | Basal Area | −1.2835 | 0.2217 | −5.7884 *** | 606.5 | 0.44 | 0.80 |
Mc | Can. Cover Can. Base Heig. | −0.0179 0.9810 | 0.0017 0.4592 | −10.2877 *** 2.1362 *** | 592.0 | 0.66 | 0.80 |
Richness | |||||||
Rh | Hart–Becking | 0.3826 | 0.1191 | 3.2121 *** | 439.2 | 0.20 | 0.75 |
Rb | Basal Area | −0.3004 | 0.1016 | −2.9570 *** | 440.8 | 0.18 | 0.75 |
Rc | Can. Cover | −0.0048 | 0.0010 | −4.6366 *** | 441.1 | 0.33 | 0.75 |
Shannon | |||||||
Sh | Hart–Becking | 0.0544 | 0.0156 | 3.4818 *** | 47.9 | 0.22 | 0.75 |
Sb | Basal Area | −0.0395 | 0.0137 | −2.8932 *** | 51.1 | 0.17 | 0.75 |
Sc | Can. Cover | −0.0006 | 0.0001 | −4.7772 *** | 50.3 | 0.34 | 0.75 |
Function | Variables | F | SE | AICc | BIC | R2 | adj. R2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Magini | |||||||
P_Mh (2) | Hart–Becking | 17.2687 *** | 5.296 | 209.95 | 214.51 | 0.53 | 0.50 |
P_Mb (1) | Basal Area | 33.7739 *** | 5.287 | 208.31 | 211.97 | 0.52 | 0.51 |
P_Mc (3) | Can. Cover | 43.9490 *** | 3.355 | 181.49 | 186.75 | 0.82 | 0.80 |
Shannon | |||||||
P_Sh (2) | Hart–Becking | 9.4909 *** | 0.292 | 18.84 | 23.40 | 0.39 | 0.35 |
P_Sb (1) | Basal Area | 8.4057 *** | 0.326 | 24.50 | 28.17 | 0.21 | 0.19 |
P_Sc (3) | Can. Cover | 13.5110 *** | 0.245 | 8.96 | 14.22 | 0.58 | 0.54 |
Studies | Stand Age | Soil | Climate | Precip. mm | Country: Region(s) | Study Type |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Coll et al. [27] | Nonspecified | Non-specified | Nonspecified | 500–750 | Spain: Catalonia | Data from NFI |
Jiménez et al. [31] | 10–15 years | Petric calcisol | Semiarid | 302 | Spain: Granada | Thinning experiment |
De las Heras et al. [54] | 5 years | Sandy, sandy loam | Arid, semiarid | 226, 845 | Spain: Albacete, Murcia | Thinning experiment |
Pasta et al. [30] | 15–46 years | From limestone, marls | Infra-Mediterranean upper semiarid | 300 | Italy: Lampedusa | Field survey |
Nunes et al. [2] | Nonspecified | From limestone | Dry subhumid | 650 | Portugal: Setúbal | Thinning experiment |
Navarro et al. [53] | 11 years | Petric calcisol | Semiarid | 302 | Spain: Granada | Thinning experiment |
Overstory Variables | Understory Variables | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cover | Density | Biomass | Richness | Shannon | |
Stocking | ns [27] negative [31] | negative [31] | negative [30,31,54] | negative [31] | |
Density | ns [54] | negative [2] | negative [53] | negative [54] ns [2] | ns [2,54] |
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Tartarino, P.; Greco, R.; Silva, J.S. Overstory Effects on the Understory of Aleppo Pine Plantations—Implications for Ecosystem Restoration. Forests 2020, 11, 664. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11060664
Tartarino P, Greco R, Silva JS. Overstory Effects on the Understory of Aleppo Pine Plantations—Implications for Ecosystem Restoration. Forests. 2020; 11(6):664. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11060664
Chicago/Turabian StyleTartarino, Patrizia, Roberto Greco, and Joaquim S. Silva. 2020. "Overstory Effects on the Understory of Aleppo Pine Plantations—Implications for Ecosystem Restoration" Forests 11, no. 6: 664. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11060664