Disentangling the Effects of Genotype and Environment on Growth and Wood Features of Balfourodendron riedelianum Trees by Common Garden Experiments in Brazil
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Species, Common Gardens, and Sampling
2.2. Wood Anatomical Procedures
2.3. Wood Data Collection
2.4. Scanning Electron Microscopy
2.5. Wood Density
2.6. Statistics and Transfer Functions
3. Results
3.1. Variation in Wood Features and Growth
3.2. Climate Parameters at the Provenance Origins and Trial Sites
3.3. Transfer Functions
4. Discussion
4.1. Genetic Difference between Populations
4.2. Phenotypic Plasticity of Tree Growth and Wood Formation
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Trial Sites | |||
---|---|---|---|
Luís Antônio (LA) | Pederneiras (PE) | ||
Mean annual precipitation | 1340 mm | 1260 mm | |
Mean annual temperature | 23.5 °C | 22.6 °C | |
Summer (December–February) mean temperature | 31.4 °C | 34.3 °C | |
Winter (June–August) mean temperature | 11.9 °C | 14.0 °C | |
Provenances | |||
Alvorada do Sul (AS) | Bauru (BA) | Gália (GA) | |
22°46′49″ S, 51°13′52″ W | 22°18′53″ S, 49°03′38″ W | 22°17′29″ S, 49°33′10″ W | |
Mean annual precipitation* | 1.368 mm | 1.296 mm | 1.395 mm |
Mean annual temperature* | 22.1 °C | 22.5 °C | 22.0 °C |
Altitude | 320 m a.s.l | 530 m a.s.l | 650 m a.s.l |
Soil type and features ** | Red Nitosol, clayey to very clayey texture, deep, high water holding capacity, well drained, moderately acidic, medium to high natural fertility. | Red Argisols, medium to coarse texture close to sandy, deep, low water holding capacity, low natural fertility. | Dystrophic Red-Yellow Latosol; medium texture (15–25% clay); deep, low water holding capacity; low natural fertility, |
Site | Provenance | Provenance × site | Progeny | Site × Progeny | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F-Value | p | F-Value | p | F-Value | p | F-Value | p | F-Value | p | |
Stem height | 49.19 | <0.0001 | 1.90 | 0.16 | 0.06 | 0.94 | 0.74 | 0.62 | 0.80 | 0.58 |
Stem diameter at breast height | 12.26 | 0.003 | 2.87 | 0.06 | 1.42 | 0.27 | 1.70 | 0.14 | 0.37 | 0.88 |
Wood density | 0.42 | 0.52 | 1.85 | 0.17 | 1.41 | 0.27 | 0.57 | 0.75 | 1.23 | 0.34 |
Potential hydraulic conductivity | 14.96 | 0.0014 | 32.60 | <0.001 | 8.78 | 0.0027 | 0.90 | 0.50 | 2.45 | 0.07 |
Vessel diameter | 218.32 | <0.001 | 208.3 | <0.001 | 0.28 | 0.75 | 3.28 | 0.01 | 3.16 | 0.03 |
Vessel wall thickness | 4.84 | 0.04 | 323.05 | <0.001 | 0.65 | 0.53 | 3.74 | 0.005 | 3.82 | 0.01 |
Vessel density | 0.71 | 0.41 | 17.30 | <0.001 | 3.94 | 0.04 | 1.45 | 0.22 | 1.40 | 0.27 |
Vessel element length | 27.98 | <0.0001 | 0.02 | 0.98 | 1.21 | 0.32 | 4.27 | 0.002 | 1.06 | 0.42 |
Vessel grouping index | 5.79 | 0.02 | 19.47 | <0.0001 | 2.75 | 0.09 | 0.78 | 0.58 | 2.10 | 0.11 |
Intervessel pit area | 13.44 | 0.0032 | 5.77 | 0.01 | 3.89 | 0.04 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Intervessel pit aperture area | 9.62 | 0.0092 | 11.39 | 0.001 | 0.23 | 0.79 | -- | -- | -- | -- |
Fiber length | 1.15 | 0.29 | 2.73 | 0.07 | 1.81 | 0.19 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 2.16 | 0.10 |
Fiber diameter | 0.22 | 0.64 | 2.70 | 0.07 | 0.38 | 0.68 | 1.52 | 0.19 | 1.86 | 0.15 |
Fiber lumen diameter | 25.30 | 0.0001 | 1.42 | 0.25 | 6.79 | 0.007 | 0.94 | 0.48 | 1.12 | 0.39 |
Fiber wall thickness | 5.10 | 0.03 | 2.15 | 0.13 | 4.28 | 0.03 | 0.24 | 0.98 | 1.20 | 0.35 |
Ray height | 2.46 | 0.13 | 7.93 | 0.001 | 0.20 | 0.82 | 0.84 | 0.54 | 1.45 | 0.25 |
Ray width | 0.08 | 0.78 | 4.95 | 0.01 | 0.48 | 0.62 | 2.45 | 0.04 | 2.41 | 0.07 |
Ray density | 91.38 | <0.001 | 10.41 | 0.0002 | 2.25 | 0.13 | 0.66 | 0.68 | 0.95 | 0.48 |
Vessel fraction | 3.56 | 0.07 | 3.82 | 0.03 | 1.94 | 0.17 | 0.94 | 0.47 | 1.86 | 0.15 |
Fiber fraction | 0.12 | 0.73 | 3.64 | 0.03 | 1.28 | 0.30 | 0.96 | 0.46 | 1.42 | 0.26 |
Parenchyma fraction | 7.88 | 0.01 | 4.41 | 0.01 | 0.49 | 0.62 | 0.67 | 0.67 | 1.41 | 0.27 |
. | Mean Temperature | Precipitation | Precipitation×Mean Temperature | SPEI | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Estimate ±SE | p | Estimate ±SE | p | Estimate ±SE | p | Estimate ±SE | p | |
Stem height | 0.47 ± 0.52 | 0.36 | 0.01 ± <0.01 | <0.001 | −0.002 ± <0.01 | 0.58 | −43.20 ± 6.87 | <0.001 |
Stem diameter at breast height | 0.57 ± 0.60 | 0.33 | 0.01 ± <0.01 | 0.03 | 0.001 ± <0.01 | 0.98 | −24.50 ± 7.88 | 0.002 |
Wood density | −0.01 ± <0.01 | 0.01 | <0.001 ± <0.01 | 0.52 | 0.0001 ± <0.01 | 0.10 | −0.09 ± 0.10 | 0.36 |
Potential hydraulic conductivity | 2.11 ± 0.11 | 0.44 | 0.08 ± 0.02 | 0.001 | 0.052 ± 0.02 | 0.02 | −86.01 ± 38.15 | 0.03 |
Vessel diameter | 2.95 ± 1.43 | 0.04 | 0.03 ± 0.01 | 0.01 | −0.005 ± 0.01 | 0.65 | −90.04 ± 17.93 | <0.0001 |
Vessel wall thickness | 0.46 ± 0.22 | 0.04 | −0.002 ± <0.01 | 0.19 | −0.0008 ± <0.01 | 0.63 | 2.32 ± 3.20 | 0.47 |
Vessel density | −3.22 ± 3.36 | 0.34 | −0.05 ± 0.03 | 0.09 | −0.043 ± 0.03 | 0.12 | 20.52 ± 46.32 | 0.66 |
Vessel element length | −1.83 ± 6.23 | 0.77 | 0.11 ± 0.05 | 0.05 | −0.034 ± 0.05 | 0.50 | 376.8 ± 80.77 | <0.001 |
Vessel grouping index | −0.13 ± 0.06 | 0.03 | <−0.01 ± <0.01 | 0.46 | <0.001 ± <0.01 | 0.86 | 0.669 ± 0.85 | 0.43 |
Fiber length | 27.80 ± 23.15 | 0.23 | 0.53 ± 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.291 ± 0.19 | 0.13 | −52.77 ± 323.8 | 0.87 |
Fiber diameter | 0.30 ± 0.14 | 0.03 | <0.01 ± <0.01 | 0.48 | −0.0008 ± 0.001 | 0.46 | −0.212 ± 1.90 | 0.91 |
Fiber lumen diameter | −0.16 ± 0.90 | 0.08 | <−0.01 ± <0.01 | 0.22 | 0.002 ± <0.01 | 0.004 | 5.634 ± 1.29 | <0.001 |
Fiber wall thickness | 0.22 ± 0.08 | 0.008 | <0.01 ± <0.01 | 0.82 | −0.001 ± <0.01 | 0.005 | −2.17 ± 1.16 | 0.06 |
Ray height | 13.17 ± 6.10 | 0.03 | 0.02 ± 0.05 | 0.62 | −0.04 ± 0.05 | 0.35 | −97.53 ± 82.21 | 0.24 |
Ray width | 1.45 ± 0.75 | 0.06 | <−0.01 ± 0.66 | 0.54 | −0.006 ± 0.006 | 0.29 | 4.08 ± 10.20 | 0.69 |
Ray density | −0.46 ± 0.14 | 0.001 | <−0.01 ± <0.01 | <0.001 | 0.002 ± 0.001 | 0.02 | 15.19 ± 2.05 | <0.001 |
Vessel fraction | 1.64 ± 0.89 | 0.07 | 0.01 ± <0.01 | 0.11 | −0.005 ± 0.007 | 0.43 | −17.10 ± 12.3 | 0.17 |
Fiber fraction | −1.01 ± 1.29 | 0.43 | <0.01 ± 0.01 | 0.76 | 0.01 ± 0.10 | 0.32 | −7.40 ± 17.06 | 0.66 |
Parenchyma fraction | −0.56 ± 0.70 | 0.42 | −0.01 ± <0.01 | 0.02 | −0.003 ± 0.005 | 0.52 | 22.33 ± 9.19 | 0.01 |
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Silva, J.R.d.; Rossi, S.; Khare, S.; Longui, E.L.; Marcati, C.R. Disentangling the Effects of Genotype and Environment on Growth and Wood Features of Balfourodendron riedelianum Trees by Common Garden Experiments in Brazil. Forests 2020, 11, 905. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11090905
Silva JRd, Rossi S, Khare S, Longui EL, Marcati CR. Disentangling the Effects of Genotype and Environment on Growth and Wood Features of Balfourodendron riedelianum Trees by Common Garden Experiments in Brazil. Forests. 2020; 11(9):905. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11090905
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilva, Jane Rodrigues da, Sergio Rossi, Siddhartha Khare, Eduardo Luiz Longui, and Carmen Regina Marcati. 2020. "Disentangling the Effects of Genotype and Environment on Growth and Wood Features of Balfourodendron riedelianum Trees by Common Garden Experiments in Brazil" Forests 11, no. 9: 905. https://doi.org/10.3390/f11090905