Climate and Management Factors Underlying Changes in Beech Forest Herbaceous Layer Plant Communities in the Polish Eastern Carpathians
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Collection
2.3. Analysis of Forest Vegetation
3. Results
3.1. Changes in Forest Cover
3.2. Changes in Stand Structure and Forest Management
3.3. Changes in Beech Forest Communities
3.4. Climatic Conditions
4. Discussion
4.1. Impact of Changes in Forest Area
4.2. Impact of Changes in Stand Structure and Forest Management
4.3. Impact of Climate Change
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Year | ||
---|---|---|---|
1970s | 2000s | 2010s | |
% | |||
Pinus sylvestris L. | 21.7 | 22.0 | 20.9 |
Larix decidua Mill. | 1.0 | 2.5 | 2.6 |
Picea abies (L.) H. Karst. | 2.4 | 2.9 | 2.7 |
Abies alba Mill. | 28.2 | 27.0 | 30.9 |
Fagus sylvatica L. | 27.6 | 31.4 | 34.1 |
Quercus robur L. | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.1 |
Acer pseudoplatanus L. | 1.0 | 4.1 | 3.0 |
Fraxinus excelsior L. | 0.1 | 0.8 | 0.3 |
Carpinus betulus L. | 3.2 | 2.0 | 1.6 |
Betula pendula Roth | 4.3 | 1.7 | 0.8 |
Alnus glutinosa (L.) Gaertn. | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.2 |
Alnus incana (L.) Moench | 8.5 | 3.6 | 1.6 |
Populus tremula L. | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
Salix sp. | 0.0 | 0.2 | 0.0 |
Species | Year | ||
---|---|---|---|
1970s | 2000s | 2010s | |
% | |||
Fagus sylvatica | 47.43 | 54.04 | 54.85 |
Abies alba | 10.54 | 10.43 | 14.08 |
Acer pseudoplatanus | 7.11 | 8.58 | 7.33 |
Fraxinus excelsior | 1.49 | 2.74 | 0.06 |
Carpinus betulus | 0.19 | 0.28 | 0.56 |
Tilia cordata Mill. | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.22 |
Acer platanoides L. | 0.00 | 0.28 | 0.72 |
Pinus sylvestris | 0.03 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Larix decidua | 0.01 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Populus tremula | 0.02 | 0.00 | 0.00 |
Quercus robur | 0.02 | 0.01 | 0.00 |
Ulmus glabra Huds. | 0.28 | 0.65 | 0.00 |
Variables | Unit | Test Score | Mean (±SE) Values | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
F, ×Chi2 | 1970s | 2000s | 2010s | ||
Total_Cov | % | ×0.96 | 88.0 (±0.97) ns | 86.0 (±0.96) ns | 85.5 (±1.74) ns |
Herb_Cov | % | 3.8 * | 81.9 (±1.86) a | 80.7 (±1.90) a | 75.2 (±2.24) b |
Number_Herb | - | 36.9 *** | 24.5 (±0.84) a | 26.9 (±0.95) a | 18.4 (±0.71) b |
Number_Seedl | - | ×59.0 *** | 5.5 (±0.27) a | 6.0 (±0.23) a | 3.0 (±0.17) b |
Number_Ancient | - | ×52.1 *** | 18.7 (±0.69) a | 20.0 (±0.80) a | 12.3 (±0.49) b |
S_beech_forest | - | 7.0 *** | 3.9 (0.2) a | 3.7 (0.2) a | 3.1 (0.2) b |
Fast species (ANE, END, EPI) | - | ×44.5 *** | 7.9 (±0.37) a | 7.7 (±0.36) a | 4.4 (±0.22) b |
Slow species (MYR, HYD, BAR, AUT) | - | ×46.6 *** | 4.7 (±0.24 ) a | 6.0 (±0.30) b | 3.0 (±0.22) c |
EIVs L | - | 3.4 * | 3.8 (±0.04) a | 3.8 (±0.03) a | 4.0 (±0.05) b |
EIVs T | - | 2.3 | 5.0 (±0.01) ns | 5.0 (±0.02) ns | 5.0 (±0.02) ns |
EIVs F | - | 4.1 * | 5.6 (±0.02) ab | 5.6 (±0.02) a | 5.5 (±0.03) b |
EIVs R | - | ×10.2 ** | 6.5 (±0.04) a | 6.3 (±0.06) b | 6.4 (±0.07) b |
EIVs N | - | ×3.4 | 6.2 (±0.04) ns | 6.2 (±0.06) ns | 6.2 (±0.06) ns |
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Bugno-Pogoda, A.; Durak, T. Climate and Management Factors Underlying Changes in Beech Forest Herbaceous Layer Plant Communities in the Polish Eastern Carpathians. Forests 2021, 12, 1446. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12111446
Bugno-Pogoda A, Durak T. Climate and Management Factors Underlying Changes in Beech Forest Herbaceous Layer Plant Communities in the Polish Eastern Carpathians. Forests. 2021; 12(11):1446. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12111446
Chicago/Turabian StyleBugno-Pogoda, Anna, and Tomasz Durak. 2021. "Climate and Management Factors Underlying Changes in Beech Forest Herbaceous Layer Plant Communities in the Polish Eastern Carpathians" Forests 12, no. 11: 1446. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12111446