Soil Microbiome Composition along the Natural Norway Spruce Forest Life Cycle
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- (1)
- Microbial communities will differ along the gradient of time since the last disturbance. The communities of regenerating sites will be less contributed by ectomycorrhizal fungi due to a loss of their tree partners but more represented by copiotrophic saprobes and other nitrophilic groups compared to the old-growth forests, where these microbial groups will be restricted by low pH and low N availability. We expect that the changes will be the most evident in the youngest phases of forest regeneration and the dynamics will be flattened with the consolidation of the closed forest.
- (2)
- Fungal and bacterial communities will be shaped by different factors. The time since the last disturbance (i.e., the advancement of succession towards the old-growth forest) will be the key factor for the fungal community, especially for the ectomycorrhizal fungi dependent on their host trees, while bacteria will be largely determined by the soil pH and the C:N ratio.
- (3)
- The temporary change in the character of vegetation due to disturbance will be manifested in the soil by a polygenetic wave, i.e., changes in the soil most strongly and immediately affect the upper horizons; towards the depth the effect will be delayed and flattened. Accordingly, the effect of time since the last disturbance on the microbiome composition will be the most evident in organic horizons and will decrease with soil depth.
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites and Soil Sampling
2.2. Soil Chemistry Analyses
2.3. Soil Microbial Communities
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Soil Morphology and Classification
3.2. Soil Chemistry
3.3. Soil Microbial Communities
3.4. Factors Shaping Microbial Communities in Respective Horizons
3.4.1. Surface Organic Horizons
3.4.2. Upper Mineral Horizons
3.4.3. Spodic Horizons
3.5. Microbial Groups Potentially Participating in Nitrification, N Fixation and Nitrate Respiration
4. Discussion
4.1. Vegetation and Soil Chemistry along the Chronosequence
4.2. General Patterns in the Soil Microbiome Composition
4.3. Soil Bacterial Communities
4.4. Soil Fungal Communities
4.5. The Effect of Disturbance within the Soil Profile
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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16 Years | 36 Years | 100 Years | 110 Years | 130 Years | 160 Years | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Time since the last stand-replacing disturbance a (years) | 16 | 36 | 100 | 110 | 130 | 160 |
Canopy closure (%) | 0 | 20 | 95 | 94 | 89 | 83 |
Soil unit | Entic Podzol | Entic Podzol | Entic Skeletic Andic Podzol | Entic Podzol | Albic Skeletic Podzol | Albic Podzol |
Upper organic (O) horizons | T | T | L + F | L + F | L + F | L + F |
H | H | H | H | H | ||
Upper mineral (A) horizons | A | A | A | A | A | A |
AB | AB | AeB | Ep | Ep | ||
Spodic (B) horizons | AB | (A)Bs | Bs | Bs | Bhs | Bhs |
Bs | (A)Bs | Bs | Bs | Bs | Bs |
Horizons | 16 Years | 36 Years | 100 Years | 110 Years | 130 Years | 160 Years | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH | O | 3.0 | 3.2 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.8 | 2.6 | |
A | 3.1 | 3.4 | 3.0 | 3.0 | 2.6 | 2.5 | ||
B | 3.8 ab | 4.1 a | 4.0 a | 3.7 ab | 4.1 a | 3.4 b | ||
Ctot | mg g−1 | O | 34.9 b | 39.0 ab | 44.2 a | 44.7 a | 43.8 a | 39.7 ab |
A | 8.5 | 10.7 | 23.8 | 14.1 | 11.5 | 11.6 | ||
B | 7.0 bc | 6.9 bc | 17.8 a | 8.9 b | 6.3 bc | 4.0 c | ||
Ntot | mg g−1 | O | 1.86 | 2.02 | 1.63 | 1.64 | 1.73 | 1.63 |
A | 0.52 | 0.59 | 1.24 | 0.69 | 0.65 | 0.62 | ||
B | 0.33 b | 0.27 b | 0.71 a | 0.33 b | 0.38 b | 0.21 b | ||
Ctot:Ntot | mol:mol | O | 21.8 c | 22.8 bc | 31.6 a | 32.1 a | 29.6 a | 28.5 ab |
A | 19.5 | 21.8 | 22.4 | 23.9 | 20.4 | 25.3 | ||
B | 25.6 b | 30.3 ab | 32.0 a | 30.8 ab | 28.2 ab | 27.3 b | ||
DOC | µg g−1 | O | 2757 | 3277 | 3365 | 3737 | 4262 | 3259 |
A | 603 | 543 | 1454 | 1011 | 1110 | 1147 | ||
B | 319 | 214 | 294 | 282 | 301 | 328 | ||
DN | µg g−1 | O | 372 ab | 454 a | 198 bc | 196 bc | 205 abc | 159 c |
A | 42.2 a | 89.2 a | 99.4 a | 48.1 a | 51.6 a | 51.4 a | ||
B | 18.5 | 19.3 | 19.7 | 16.6 | 12.6 | 11.8 | ||
DOC:DN | mol:mol | O | 7.8 c | 9.4 bc | 17.4 ab | 20.4 a | 21.5 a | 21.2 a |
A | 16.8 a | 6.7 b | 16.3 a | 21.1 a | 21.8 a | 23.4 a | ||
B | 17.4 cd | 12.5 d | 15.6 cd | 17.5 c | 24.1 b | 28.2 a | ||
CEC | µmol cheq g−1 | O | 312 | 216 | 303 | 308 | 260 | 298 |
A | 324 ab | 259 c | 363 a | 297 bc | 204 d | 129 e | ||
B | 212 | 140 | 217 | 184 | 135 | 166 |
ANOVA Site | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Horizon | 16 Years | 36 Years | 100 Years | 110 Years | 130 Years | 160 Years | F | p | |
Fungi OTU richness | O | 127 (41) | 143 (11) | 84 (37) | 131 (28) | 91 (31) | 127 (12) | n.s. | |
OTUs | A | 95 (18) | 96 (30) | 90 (6) | 86 (18) | 77 (17) | 64 (22) | n.s. | |
B | 78 (19) | 72 (19) | 75 (17) | 102 (12) | 81 (28) | 91 (24) | n.s. | ||
Fungi Shannon | O | 2.86 (0.45) | 3.22 (0.10) | 2.32 (0.86) | 3.15 (0.34) | 2.36 (1.04) | 3.00 (0.21) | n.s. | |
A | 2.16 (0.11) | 1.90 (0.81) | 2.48 (0.26) | 2.42 (0.34) | 2.53 (0.41) | 2.44 (0.76) | n.s. | ||
B | 2.20 (0.38) | 2.45 (0.29) | 2.45 (0.51) | 2.58 (0.35) | 2.38 (1.25) | 2.57 (0.56) | n.s. | ||
Bacteria OTU richness | O | 726 (84) | 756 (57) | 663 (171) | 623 (73) | 680 (87) | 727 (117) | n.s. | |
OTUs | A | 695 (50) a | 655 (70) ab | 596 (89) abc | 548 (89) bc | 565 (50) bc | 533 (58) c | 4.49 | 0.004 |
B | 612 (72) a | 620 (66) a | 607 (33) a | 637 (20) a | 565 (56) ab | 512 (39) b | 6.88 | <0.001 | |
Bacteria Shannon | O | 5.55 (0.24) | 5.60 (0.18) | 5.34 (0.40) | 5.33 (0.19) | 5.41 (0.25) | 5.57 (0.23) | n.s. | |
A | 5.38 (0.15) a | 5.23 (0.16) ab | 5.15 (0.22) ab | 4.91 (0.34) b | 4.91 (0.14) b | 4.99 (0.20) b | 4.83 | 0.003 | |
B | 5.08 (0.25) a | 5.05 (0.19) ab | 5.13 (0.09) a | 5.14 (0.09) a | 4.92 (0.19) ab | 4.79 (0.15) b | 5.2 | 0.001 | |
Fungal 18S rRNA gene | O | 129 (110) | 58 (85) | 147 (89) | 52 (51) | 13 (7) | 60 (78) | n.s. | |
107 copies g−1 | A | 13.1 (0.6) a | 7.4 (0.5) ab | 41.9 (5.5) a | 9.1 (0.6) a | 11.2 (1) a | 1.3 (0.1) b | 5.4 | 0.001 |
B | 3.76 (0.35) | 0.28 (0.02) | 1.74 (0.15) | 1.17 (0.15) | 5.2 (0.53) | 2.43 (0.21) | n.s. | ||
Bacterial 16S rRNA gene | O | 36.7 (1.9) a | 27.8 (5) ab | 22.6 (2.5) ab | 6.2 (1.6) c | 9 (1.4) bc | 8.6 (1.4) bc | 9.51 | <0.001 |
109 copies g−1 | A | 16.6 (0.6) ab | 29.2 (2.2) a | 20.1 (2.2) ab | 7.8 (1.2) bc | 4.2 (0.4) c | 4.5 (1.4) c | 11.7 | <0.001 |
B | 9.65 (1.68) a | 7.83 (2.26) ab | 1.84 (0.49) c | 1.05 (0.16) bc | 3.98 (0.75) abc | 4.82 (0.84) abc | 3.99 | 0.007 | |
Fungi-to-bacteria (F:B) | O | 0.035 (0.027) | 0.028 (0.046) | 0.069 (0.034) | 0.098 (0.118) | 0.017 (0.008) | 0.055 (0.059) | n.s. | |
copy:copy | A | 0.008 (0.003) ab | 0.003 (0.002) a | 0.016 (0.017) ab | 0.011 (0.004) ab | 0.025 (0.021) b | 0.007 (0.01) ab | 3.56 | 0.014 |
B | 0.003 (0.002) ab | 0.001 (0.001) a | 0.008 (0.007) b | 0.018 (0.031) b | 0.011 (0.009) b | 0.006 (0.006) b | 3.26 | 0.018 |
ANOVA Sites | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Horizon | 16 Years | 36 Years | 100 Years | 110 Years | 130 Years | 160 Years | F | p | |
Amanita | O | 2.3 (4.1) | 0.8 (1.1) | <0.1 | 2.7 (6) | <0.1 | 3.4 (7.6) | n.s. | |
A | 10.1 (22.1) | 0.5 (1.1) | <0.1 | 6.9 (12.2) | 7.4 (8.3) | 11.7 (23.1) | n.s. | ||
B | 15.4 (26.5) | <0.1 | <0.1 | 1.2 (2.3) | <0.1 | <0.1 | n.s. | ||
Boletus | O | <0.1 | <0.1 | 0.3 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.5) | <0.1 | <0.1 | n.s. | |
A | <0.1 c | <0.1 c | 6.6 (3.8) a | 2.1 (2.7) b | <0.1 c | <0.1 c | 11.7 | <0.001 | |
B | <0.1 b | <0.1 b | 16.8 (16) a | 2.8 (4.2) ab | <0.1 b | <0.1 b | 5.8 | 0.001 | |
Cantharellales | O | 3.6 (7.1) | 0.3 (0.1) | 0.4 (1) | 2.5 (4.5) | 0.3 (0.5) | <0.1 | n.s. | |
A | 4.2 (9.1) ab | <0.1 b | <0.1 b | 24.5 (24.2) a | 2 (4.5) b | <0.1 b | 4.6 | 0.006 | |
B | 0.4 (0.8) a | <0.1 a | <0.1 a | 17.8 (24.1) a | 28.2 (48.5) a | <0.1 a | 3.0 | 0.029 | |
Hygrophorus | O | 11.3 (8.7) | <0.1 | 4.8 (5.6) | 1.2 (1.9) | <0.1 | 4.1 (7.2) | n.s. | |
A | 10.8 (20.2) | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.8 (1.1) | <0.1 | 0.2 (0.4) | 0.3 (0.6) | n.s. | ||
B | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | n.s. | ||
Meliniomyces | O | 0.2 (0.1) c | 2.8 (0.4) ab | 0.7 (0.7) bc | 4 (1.7) a | 1.1 (0.8) bc | 2.4 (1) ab | 12.6 | <0.001 |
A | 0.1 (0.3) | <0.1 | 0.4 (0.5) | 0.4 (0.4) | 0.7 (0.8) | 1.6 (2.7) | n.s. | ||
B | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | 6.1 (10.6) | 0.2 (0.1) | n.s. | ||
Piloderma | O | 4.6 (8.5) | <0.1 | 14.1 (17.1) | 11.1 (9.6) | 2 (4) | 10.1 (12.7) | n.s. | |
A | <0.1 | <0.1 | 8.3 (11.5) | 10.2 (16.6) | 13.1 (17.3) | 2.8 (3.9) | n.s. | ||
B | <0.1 a | <0.1 a | 0.4 (0.5) a | <0.1 a | 0.2 (0.1) a | <0.1 a | 2.7 | 0.045 | |
Russula | O | <0.1 | 9.6 (13.5) | 12.7 (27.7) | 9.1 (17.8) | 21.4 (24.3) | 10.7 (23.8) | n.s. | |
A | <0.1 | 3.6 (7.8) | 30.6 (43.1) | 4.1 (9.2) | 9.6 (7.6) | 14.5 (21.5) | n.s. | ||
B | <0.1 | <0.1 | 0.5 (0.5) | <0.1 | <0.1 | 5.6 (9.7) | n.s. | ||
Thelephorales | O | 1.3 (1.4) | 0.4 (0.2) | 1.1 (2) | 0.3 (0.3) | 1.1 (2.1) | 0.6 (0.5) | n.s. | |
A | 0.3 (0.7) | 0.2 (0.2) | <0.1 | <0.1 | 0.7 (1) | 4.2 (7.8) | n.s. | ||
B | <0.1 | 2.1 (3) | 2.1 (3.6) | <0.1 | <0.1 | 0.1 (0.1) | n.s. | ||
Tylospora | O | 32.6 (18.2) | 48.4 (13.9) | 16.3 (15.1) | 20.3 (20.3) | 22.1 (27.5) | 17.2 (22.6) | n.s. | |
A | 48.6 (28.9) | 59.3 (33) | 25.9 (22.4) | 11.9 (16) | 25.9 (23.9) | 16.8 (11.7) | n.s. | ||
B | 20.9 (23) | 14.8 (26.4) | 21.9 (24.2) | 20.7 (21.4) | 0.1 (0.1) | 24.2 (33.4) | n.s. | ||
Wilcoxina | O | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | n.s. | |
A | 5.7 (10.4) | 4.4 (8.7) | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | n.s. | ||
B | 14.8 (20) | 4.6 (8.9) | 0.9 (2.1) | 2.2 (3.2) | <0.1 | <0.1 | n.s. | ||
All ectomycorrhizal summed | O | 52.1 (26.8) | 59.3 (0.7) | 53.9 (32.3) | 45.2 (13.3) | 46.8 (23.7) | 48.4 (27.2) | n.s. | |
A | 75.6 (12.6) | 68.4 (37.2) | 72.3 (6.5) | 42.2 (23.2) | 58.9 (16.7) | 46.8 (33.5) | n.s. | ||
B | 51.1 (17.1) | 19.5 (24.6) | 41 (23.6) | 33.8 (28.8) | 28.9 (48.2) | 30.3 (30.9) | n.s. |
ANOVA Sites | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Horizon | 16 Years | 36 Years | 100 Years | 110 Years | 130 Years | 160 Years | F | p | |
Acidimicrobiia | O | 1.20 (0.35) c | 1.54 (0.72) bc | 2.08 (0.58) abc | 3.65 (1.25) a | 2.92 (1.11) ab | 3.10 (1.34) ab | 5.99 | <0.001 |
A | 0.95 (0.41) ab | 0.62 (0.17) b | 1.54 (1.09) ab | 1.91 (1.06) a | 1.70 (0.41) a | 1.41 (0.69) ab | 3.57 | 0.013 | |
B | 1.35 (0.45) ab | 0.96 (0.28) b | 1.46 (0.24) ab | 1.75 (0.29) a | 1.38 (0.23) ab | 1.84 (0.44) a | 5.64 | <0.001 | |
Actinobacteria | O | 3.97 (1.03) | 4.14 (2.6) | 6.08 (2.22) | 8.43 (3.21) | 6.79 (2.59) | 6.65 (3.81) | n.s. | |
A | 2.75 (1.28) bc | 1.85 (0.64) c | 6.50 (2.35) a | 4.73 (2.14) ab | 4.79 (1.18) ab | 4.17 (1.85) abc | 5.61 | 0.001 | |
B | 1.54 (1.11) bc | 0.51 (0.31) c | 1.29 (0.72) bc | 1.76 (0.82) bc | 2.91 (2.18) b | 5.24 (0.92) a | 12.3 | <0.001 | |
AD3 | O | 0.11 (0.04) | 0.20 (0.16) | 0.14 (0.13) | 0.12 (0.05) | 0.19 (0.14) | 0.22 (0.22) | n.s. | |
A | 1.25 (0.78) a | 0.99 (0.77) a | 0.38 (0.33) a | 0.92 (1.19) a | 0.23 (0.17) a | 0.19 (0.16) a | 3.01 | 0.028 | |
B | 4.36 (2.16) cd | 3.14 (0.98) bd | 6.82 (1.51) c | 3.09 (1.17) bd | 1.67 (1.0) ab | 1.19 (0.77) a | 13.6 | <0.001 | |
Alphaproteobacteria | O | 15.6 (2.5) a | 13.8 (2.2) a | 13.7 (3.2) a | 17.3 (1.8) a | 17.9 (2.2) a | 17.6 (2.5) a | 2.87 | 0.030 |
A | 11.4 (5.2) b | 9.5 (4.5) b | 17.5 (2.5) ab | 15.2 (2.8) ab | 18.7 (3.9) a | 20.9 (3.1) a | 6.83 | <0.001 | |
B | 9.7 (3.4) bc | 7.6 (1.4) c | 9.8 (2.5) bc | 10.8 (3.2) bc | 13.3 (3.9) ab | 19.5 (5.6) a | 8.10 | <0.001 | |
Bacteroidia | O | 7.51 (3.12) | 7.04 (1.21) | 7.93 (5.26) | 5.53 (3.03) | 5.96 (3.18) | 6.63 (3.40) | n.s. | |
A | 2.22 (1.23) a | 2.40 (0.85) a | 3.00 (1.24) a | 1.35 (0.97) a | 1.22 (0.26) a | 1.41 (0.47) a | 3.14 | 0.024 | |
B | 0.61 (0.21) | 0.82 (0.44) | 1.26 (0.86) | 0.79 (0.42) | 0.88 (0.50) | 0.66 (0.20) | n.s. | ||
Chlamydiae | O | 0.65 (0.26) | 0.86 (0.59) | 0.88 (0.60) | 1.5 (1.43) | 0.86 (0.40) | 1.34 (1.06) | n.s. | |
A | 1.33 (0.32) | 1.27 (0.26) | 0.85 (0.34) | 1.68 (0.79) | 0.9 (0.27) | 1.72 (0.93) | n.s. | ||
B | 1.42 (0.23) b | 2.02 (0.71) ab | 1.36 (0.48) b | 2.75 (0.50) a | 1.7 (0.53) b | 1.29 (0.38) b | 6.72 | <0.001 | |
Fimbriimonadia | O | 0.51 (0.17) b | 0.37 (0.02) ab | 0.27 (0.14) a | 0.22 (0.09) a | 0.25 (0.11) a | 0.33 (0.09) ab | 3.87 | 0.009 |
A | 0.22 (0.15) b | 0.14 (0.06) ab | <0.1 ab | <0.1 a | <0.1 a | <0.1 a | 4.41 | 0.005 | |
B | 0.1 (0.03) bc | 0.14 (0.04) c | 0.15 (0.04) c | <0.1 bc | <0.1 ab | <0.1 a | 8.68 | <0.001 | |
Gammaproteobacteria | O | 13.12 (3.56) | 11.41 (5.46) | 9.66 (3.83) | 10.21 (5.62) | 9.12 (3.92) | 8.60 (3.10) | n.s. | |
A | 5.37 (0.76) | 4.96 (1.05) | 6.77 (1.90) | 7.39 (5.64) | 3.67 (1.83) | 4.01 (1.03) | n.s. | ||
B | 6.76 (1.37) b | 8.08 (2.03) b | 5.51 (0.82) b | 5.31 (1.24) b | 5.38 (1.96) b | 2.97 (1.00) a | 8.82 | <0.001 | |
Gemmatimonadetes | O | 0.65 (0.26) b | 0.47 (0.14) ab | 0.32 (0.19) ab | 0.20 (0.11) a | 0.32 (0.15) ab | 0.36 (0.20) ab | 4.06 | 0.007 |
A | 1.50 (0.28) c | 1.27 (0.53) bc | 0.75 (0.12) abc | 0.79 (0.71) ab | 0.74 (0.25) ab | 0.50 (0.24) a | 5.17 | 0.002 | |
B | 1.80 (0.46) cd | 1.31 (0.33) bcd | 1.99 (0.57) d | 1.09 (0.43) bc | 0.97 (0.32) b | 3.01 (0.68) a | 14.0 | <0.001 | |
Ktedonobacteria | O | 0.20 (0.27) | 0.47 (0.56) | 0.16 (0.23) | <0.1 | <0.1 | <0.1 | n.s. | |
A | 5.20 (1.89) b | 6.15 (3.1) b | 2.27 (2.06) ab | 3.15 (4.58) a | 0.21 (0.30) a | <0.1 a | 6.81 | <0.001 | |
B | 7.31 (1.62) | 11.02 (5.72) | 9.46 (3.31) | 10.62 (3.84) | 7.03 (4.35) | 4.88 (3.32) | n.s. | ||
Myxococcia | O | 0.49 (0.11) | 0.23 (0.13) | 0.31 (0.18) | 0.31 (0.13) | 0.29 (0.07) | 0.45 (0.25) | n.s. | |
A | 0.26 (0.06) | 0.28 (0.13) | 0.17 (0.06) | 0.20 (0.25) | 0.16 (0.05) | 0.15 (0.06) | n.s. | ||
B | 0.55 (0.27) c | 0.46 (0.09) bc | 0.28 (0.13) ab | 0.21 (0.12) a | 0.22 (0.07) a | 0.14 (0.04) a | 9.53 | <0.001 | |
Nitrososphaeria | O | 0.18 (0.12) | 0.26 (0.19) | 0.20 (0.25) | 0.16 (0.18) | 0.24 (0.36) | 0.23 (0.27) | n.s. | |
A | 3.45 (1.58) bc | 4.07 (1.58) c | 1.16 (0.4) ab | 1.37 (1.27) a | 1.28 (0.39) a | 1.34 (0.79) a | 7.28 | <0.001 | |
B | 5.61 (1.44) ab | 8.55 (1.38) b | 5.28 (1.67) ab | 5.12 (3.46) ab | 3.01 (1.49) a | 4.15 (1.52) a | 5.35 | 0.001 | |
RCP2-54 | O | 1.70 (1.25) | 1.81 (1.80) | 1.21 (1.21) | 1.73 (1.66) | 1.54 (1.45) | 2.09 (1.77) | n.s. | |
A | 4.54 (1.26) ab | 3.65 (1.25) b | 4.29 (1.59) ab | 5.30 (2.90) ab | 6.31 (1.22) ab | 7.69 (3.16) a | 2.87 | 0.034 | |
B | 2.59 (0.78) bcd | 2.09 (0.71) cd | 1.69 (0.27) d | 3.17 (0.83) abc | 3.70 (1.40) ab | 4.57 (0.37) a | 10.2 | <0.001 | |
Thermoleophilia | O | 1.05 (0.38) | 1.37 (1.06) | 1.60 (0.86) | 2.84 (1.04) | 2.24 (1.24) | 2.23 (1.48) | n.s. | |
A | 0.60 (0.29) bc | 0.31 (0.14) c | 0.96 (0.41) ab | 1.29 (0.62) a | 0.90 (0.40) ab | 0.55 (0.13) bc | 6.18 | <0.001 | |
B | 0.62 (0.3) bc | 0.50 (0.17) c | 1.16 (0.32) a | 0.93 (0.32) ab | 0.80 (0.12) abc | 0.79 (0.18) abc | 5.32 | 0.001 | |
Verrucomicrobiae | O | 5.66 (1.19) | 5.88 (1.27) | 6.43 (1.93) | 5.00 (1.41) | 6.01 (1.61) | 6.57 (2.24) | n.s. | |
A | 4.89 (0.77) b | 5.07 (1.57) b | 5.32 (0.28) b | 4.25 (0.87) ab | 3.16 (0.49) a | 4.39 (0.95) ab | 3.86 | 0.010 | |
B | 3.03 (0.92) ab | 2.56 (0.86) ab | 3.94 (1.17) b | 2.85 (1.36) ab | 3.67 (0.63) ab | 2.19 (0.89) a | 2.75 | 0.037 |
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Choma, M.; Šamonil, P.; Kaštovská, E.; Bárta, J.; Tahovská, K.; Valtera, M.; Šantrůčková, H. Soil Microbiome Composition along the Natural Norway Spruce Forest Life Cycle. Forests 2021, 12, 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12040410
Choma M, Šamonil P, Kaštovská E, Bárta J, Tahovská K, Valtera M, Šantrůčková H. Soil Microbiome Composition along the Natural Norway Spruce Forest Life Cycle. Forests. 2021; 12(4):410. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12040410
Chicago/Turabian StyleChoma, Michal, Pavel Šamonil, Eva Kaštovská, Jiří Bárta, Karolina Tahovská, Martin Valtera, and Hana Šantrůčková. 2021. "Soil Microbiome Composition along the Natural Norway Spruce Forest Life Cycle" Forests 12, no. 4: 410. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12040410