Variation in Seed Harvest Potential of Carapa guianensis Aublet in the Brazilian Amazon: A Multi-Year, Multi-Region Study of Determinants of Mast Seeding and Seed Quantity
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Species Description
2.2. Tree Selection and Seed Production Quantification Methodology
2.2.1. Acre
2.2.2. Roraima
2.2.3. Amapá
2.3. Converting to Seed Dry Weight
2.4. Tree Attributes and Climatic Variables
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Acre
3.2. Amapá
3.3. Roraima
3.4. Comparison across Sites
3.4.1. Consistence in Masting Cues
3.4.2. Climate Attributes Influencing Quantity of Seeds per Tree
3.4.3. El Niῆo Southern Oscillation Effects on Seed Quantity
4. Discussion
4.1. Consistent Impact of dbh across Regions
4.2. Variable Precipitation Response Seen Across Regions
4.3. Temperature
4.4. El Niño Southern Oscillation
4.5. Limitations from Seed Collection Methodology
5. Conclusions and Implications for Management
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Location | Quantification Period | Measurement Period | Number of Trees |
---|---|---|---|
Acre | November 2004–March 2005 | 17 weeks | 39 |
January 2005–February 2006 | 5 weeks | 77 | |
November 2006–February 2007 | Continuous | 105 | |
2007–2008 | Continuous | 104 | |
2008–2009 | Continuous | 103 | |
October 2010–October 2011 | Continuous | 103 | |
January 2013–July 2013 | 26 weeks | 99 | |
July 2013–February 2014 | 34 weeks | 99 | |
March 2014–November 2015 | Continuous | 98 | |
Roraima | May–August 2006 | 12 weeks | 114 |
April–July 2007 | 13 weeks | 114 | |
April–September 2008 | 20 weeks | 114 | |
April–July 2009 | 12 weeks | 114 | |
April–September 2010 | 20 weeks | 114 | |
April–August 2011 | 14 weeks | 114 | |
April–June 2012 | 9 weeks | 114 | |
June–August 2017 | 8 weeks | 114 | |
Amapá | December 2011–August 2016 | Continuous | 16 |
Acre—Binomial | Acre—Gamma | Amapá—Binomial | Amapá—Gamma | Roraima—Binomial | Roraima—Gamma | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diameter at breast height | (+) | (+) p = 0.062 | (+) | (+) | ||
Summed dry season precipitation | (−) | (−) p = 0.098 | (−) | (+) | ||
Summed wet season precipitation | (+) | na | (+) | (+) | ||
Previous year dry season precipitation | na | (+) | (−) | |||
Previous year wet season precipitation | (+) | (+) | na | |||
Annual average of the daily minimum temperature | (−) | na | na | na | na | |
ENSO—SL | ND | ND | (+) p = 0.064 | |||
ENSO—ML | (+) | (+) | ND | ND | (+) | |
ENSO—WL | (+) | (+) | na | (−) | ||
ENSO—VSE | (+) p = 0.096 | (+) | na | ND | ND | ND |
ENSO—WE | (+) | na | (−) |
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Klimas, C.A.; Wadt, L.H.d.O.; Castilho, C.V.d.; Lira-Guedes, A.C.; da Costa, P.; da Fonseca, F.L. Variation in Seed Harvest Potential of Carapa guianensis Aublet in the Brazilian Amazon: A Multi-Year, Multi-Region Study of Determinants of Mast Seeding and Seed Quantity. Forests 2021, 12, 683. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12060683
Klimas CA, Wadt LHdO, Castilho CVd, Lira-Guedes AC, da Costa P, da Fonseca FL. Variation in Seed Harvest Potential of Carapa guianensis Aublet in the Brazilian Amazon: A Multi-Year, Multi-Region Study of Determinants of Mast Seeding and Seed Quantity. Forests. 2021; 12(6):683. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12060683
Chicago/Turabian StyleKlimas, Christie A., Lúcia Helena de Oliveira Wadt, Carolina Volkmer de Castilho, Ana Cláudia Lira-Guedes, Patricia da Costa, and Fernanda Lopes da Fonseca. 2021. "Variation in Seed Harvest Potential of Carapa guianensis Aublet in the Brazilian Amazon: A Multi-Year, Multi-Region Study of Determinants of Mast Seeding and Seed Quantity" Forests 12, no. 6: 683. https://doi.org/10.3390/f12060683