Radionuclides and Metals in the Parks of the City of Belgrade, Serbia: Spatial Distribution and Health Risk Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.1.1. Geology and Pedology
2.1.2. Climate
2.2. Sampling and Preparation
2.3. Gamma Spectrometry Analysis
2.4. Radiological Risk Assessment
2.5. Determination of Physical and Chemical Characteristics
2.6. Analysis of Heavy Metal Content in Soil and Leaves
2.7. Health Risk Assessment from Heavy Metals
2.8. GIS Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physicochemical Properties of Soil
3.2. Radioactivity Levels
3.3. Annual Effective Dose and Excess Lifetime Cancer Risk from Radionuclides
3.4. Heavy Metal Content
3.5. Spatial Distribution of Heavy Metals
3.6. Hazard Index and Carcinogenic Risk from Heavy Metals
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Location | pH in KCl | pH in H2O | CaCO3 (%) | Organic Matter (%) | Coarse Sand (200–2000 µm) (%) | Fine Sand (20–200 µm) (%) | Silt (20 µm) (%) | Clay (2 µm) (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. | Topčider | 6.39 | 7.40 | 0.42 | 4.94 | 3.82 | 35.38 | 36.32 | 24.48 |
2. | Hajd park | 7.12 | 7.89 | 2.52 | 5.31 | 8.99 | 38.85 | 33.92 | 18.24 |
3. | Bajfordova | 6.80 | 7.37 | 1.38 | 5.80 | 16.86 | 36.38 | 32.56 | 14.20 |
4. | Stepin lug | 5.53 | 6.33 | 0.25 | 3.77 | 3.62 | 36.5 | 35.76 | 24.12 |
5. | Miljakovac | 4.70 | 6.02 | nd | 4.20 | 3.64 | 41.36 | 33.56 | 21.44 |
6. | Košutnjak | 5.21 | 6.29 | 0.17 | 5.64 | 4.43 | 40.05 | 34.76 | 20.76 |
7. | Avala 1 | 7.15 | 7.70 | 3.21 | 5.59 | 51.18 | 31.3 | 14.72 | 2.80 |
8. | Avala 2 | 5.36 | 6.33 | 0.08 | 8.25 | 6.22 | 37.14 | 33.36 | 23.28 |
9. | Avala 3 | 6.65 | 7.51 | 0.34 | 6.09 | 5.21 | 36.19 | 36.04 | 22.56 |
10. | N.Beograd | 6.70 | 7.34 | 0.92 | 5.67 | 15.28 | 34.48 | 30.76 | 19.48 |
11. | B. Potok | 6.71 | 7.51 | 0.59 | 3.61 | 11.22 | 34.26 | 30.84 | 23.68 |
12. | BG na vodi | 7.42 | 8.09 | 10.90 | 2.95 | 18.91 | 40.57 | 26.6 | 13.92 |
13. | Banjica | 7.38 | 8.18 | 3.35 | 2.54 | 25.35 | 33.05 | 23.84 | 17.76 |
14. | Zvezdarska | 6.06 | 6.90 | 0.17 | 5.05 | 2.53 | 43.11 | 34.52 | 19.84 |
15. | Čukarica | 6.85 | 7.30 | 6.57 | 5.92 | 55.67 | 30.25 | 10.72 | 3.36 |
16. | Kalemegdan | 7.24 | 7.79 | 14.26 | 6.03 | 22.29 | 46.03 | 23.12 | 8.56 |
17. | Taš | 7.29 | 7.84 | 10.06 | 5.69 | 36.63 | 41.49 | 15.76 | 6.12 |
18. | Mirijevo | 6.45 | 7.19 | 0.25 | 5.32 | 10.84 | 40.08 | 29.6 | 19.48 |
19. | Stadion C.Z. | 7.21 | 7.80 | 4.61 | 6.47 | 11.98 | 43.46 | 30.48 | 14.08 |
20. | Lipovica | 3.33 | 4.36 | nd | 6.04 | 7.25 | 36.03 | 31.00 | 25.72 |
Leaves | DE (µSv y−1) | ELCR ×10−3 | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | 40K | 7Be | 137Cs | |||
No. | Location | Bq kg−1 | ||||
1. | Topčider | 80 ± 5 | 105 ± 4 | <MDA | 68 | 0.26 |
2. | Hajd park | 19 ± 3 | 180 ± 10 | <MDA | 67 | 0.26 |
3. | Bajfordova | 113 ± 5 | 128 ± 8 | <MDA | 69 | 0.26 |
4. | Stepin lug | 78 ± 6 | 117 ± 6 | <MDA | 82 | 0.32 |
5. | Miljakovac | 100 ± 7 | 130 ± 8 | 1.6 ± 0.3 | 79 | 0.31 |
6. | Košutnjak | 60 ± 5 | 169 ± 6 | <MDA | 72 | 0.28 |
7. | Avala 1 | 101 ± 7 | 422 ± 12 | 1.1 ± 0.4 | 39 | 0.15 |
8. | Avala 2 | 38 ± 5 | 350 ± 8 | <MDA | 77 | 0.30 |
9. | Avala 3 | 54 ± 4 | 282 ± 7 | <MDA | 81 | 0.31 |
10. | N.Beograd | 33 ± 4 | 291 ± 8 | <MDA | 69 | 0.27 |
11. | B. Potok | 38 ± 5 | 587 ± 12 | 3.4 ± 0.3 | 74 | 0.28 |
12. | BG na vodi | 113 ± 5 | 292 ± 6 | <MDA | 60 | 0.23 |
13. | Banjica | 107 ± 5 | 395 ± 9 | <MDA | 71 | 0.27 |
14. | Zvezdarska | 73 ± 6 | 356 ± 9 | <MDA | 76 | 0.29 |
15. | Čukarica | 32 ± 4 | 272 ± 7 | <MDA | 34 | 0.13 |
16. | Kalemegdan | 95 ± 6 | 226 ± 7 | <MDA | 53 | 0.20 |
17. | Taš | 77 ± 5 | 417 ± 8 | <MDA | 52 | 0.20 |
18. | Mirijevo | 22 ± 4 | 391 ± 9 | <MDA | 74 | 0.28 |
19. | Stadion C.Z. | 71 ± 6 | 473 ± 8 | <MDA | 74 | 0.28 |
20. | Lipovica | 54 ± 4 | 399 ± 9 | 3.3 ± 0.4 | 85 | 0.33 |
No. | Sample | As | Cd | Co | Cr | Cu | Na | Ni | Pb | Zn | Ca | K | Mg | Mn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/kg | ||||||||||||||
1. | Topčider | 9.12 | 0.12 | 11.8 | 63.9 | 52.4 | 285 | 66.7 | 41.2 | 124 | 7532 | 7215 | 5638 | 547 |
2. | Hajd park | 8.42 | 0.07 | 10.8 | 42.9 | 29.2 | 444 | 42.7 | 31.7 | 82.2 | 15,210 | 5499 | 5970 | 589 |
3. | Bajfordova | 8.72 | 0.15 | 10.1 | 42.0 | 47.8 | 320 | 42.4 | 49.1 | 190 | 12,900 | 4941 | 4933 | 554 |
4. | Stepin lug | 7.92 | 0.04 | 12.7 | 43.6 | 29.6 | 239 | 37.8 | 29.5 | 92.0 | 5055 | 5987 | 5299 | 671 |
5. | Miljakovac | 9.20 | 0.05 | 12.8 | 40.3 | 26.0 | 194 | 32.1 | 28.4 | 78.0 | 4302 | 4881 | 5231 | 712 |
6. | Košutnjak | 12.0 | 0.06 | 13.1 | 68.5 | 28.3 | 234 | 55.6 | 33.8 | 84.9 | 5546 | 5590 | 5553 | 536 |
7. | Avala 1 | 759 * | 5.42 * | 10.7 | 27.4 | 43.2 | 201 | 18.3 | 4297 * | 489 | 18,810 | 2337 | 4353 | 1020 |
8. | Avala 2 | 9.73 | 0.09 | 12.4 | 46.2 | 30.3 | 260 | 39.5 | 34.6 | 103 | 5230 | 5874 | 5470 | 867 |
9. | Avala 3 | 11.8 | 0.13 | 13.8 | 45.0 | 24.9 | 268 | 37.8 | 50.3 | 76.1 | 6953 | 6094 | 4554 | 963 |
10. | N. Beograd | 9.05 | 0.06 | 11.1 | 48.1 | 28.9 | 335 | 39.5 | 43.8 | 89.6 | 9647 | 6547 | 5337 | 558 |
11. | B. Potok | 6.86 | 0.06 | 12.3 | 56.3 | 24.7 | 252 | 56.4 | 23.3 | 91.5 | 6696 | 5412 | 6679 | 590 |
12. | BG na vodi | 6.70 | 0.06 | 8.60 | 36.3 | 27.4 | 521 | 34.4 | 21.7 | 70.3 | 34,270 | 4996 | 8189 | 407 |
13. | Banjica | 4.87 | 0.05 | 10.6 | 45.2 | 23.7 | 379 | 41.1 | 20.9 | 65.7 | 20,230 | 5161 | 6722 | 502 |
14. | Zvezdarska | 8.41 | 0.10 | 11.6 | 42.8 | 28.4 | 248 | 38.2 | 27.8 | 79.8 | 6700 | 5595 | 6163 | 625 |
15. | Čukarica | 4.35 | 0.07 | 6.62 | 33.5 | 27.5 | 410 | 31.0 | 20.9 | 115 | 25,930 | 2968 | 6911 | 298 |
16. | Kalemegdan | 9.82 | 0.20 | 7.87 | 39.1 | 68.0 | 1016 | 48.3 | 141 | 166 | 61,460 | 5443 | 8303 | 429 |
17. | Taš | 6.22 | 0.18 | 7.26 | 49.2 | 336 * | 634 | 41.1 | 61.2 | 228 | 38,940 | 3584 | 6751 | 374 |
18. | Mirjevo | 6.37 | 0.08 | 10.8 | 46.7 | 40.5 | 225 | 44.7 | 23.5 | 95.7 | 7536 | 5402 | 5233 | 512 |
19. | Stadion C.Z. | 9.39 | 0.06 | 11.3 | 42.1 | 35.9 | 414 | 42.7 | 34.7 | 104 | 19,480 | 6222 | 6796 | 562 |
20. | Lipovica | 10.6 | 0.06 | 11.9 | 43.5 | 27.1 | 183 | 33.3 | 29.9 | 78.5 | 2692 | 4696 | 4509 | 476 |
Percentage uncertainty (%) | 12.1 | 8.5 | 10.0 | 1.7 | 2.4 | 25.2 | 2.8 | 16.8 | 4.9 | 32.5 | 5.2 | 7.5 | 10.6 |
Sample | As | Cd | Co | Cr | Cu | Na | Ni | Pb | Zn | Ca | K | Mg | Mn |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
mg/kg | |||||||||||||
Topčider | nd | nd | 0.30 | 12.50 | 11.60 | 116.1 | 7.08 | 2.31 | 24.29 | 17,810 | 5036 | 2368 | 104.6 |
Hajd park | nd | nd | nd | 4.37 | 9.35 | 142.8 | 3.54 | nd | 22.81 | 22,380 | 1317 | 2614 | 516.7 |
Bajfordova | nd | nd | 1.17 | 37.15 | 13.73 | 180.0 | 10.96 | 6.94 | 41.46 | 15,590 | 4445 | 2548 | 390.4 |
Stepin lug | 0.69 | nd | nd | 13.04 | 12.59 | 103.9 | 6.49 | 1.15 | 26.82 | 16,200 | 4797 | 2568 | 304.5 |
Miljakovac | nd | nd | nd | 6.45 | 9.62 | 126.9 | 3.95 | 0.69 | 22.45 | 13,670 | 5172 | 1843 | 910.1 |
Košutnjak | nd | nd | nd | 16.97 | 11.94 | 116.9 | 6.45 | 1.26 | 23.29 | 50,350 | 3827 | 2472 | 351.9 |
Avala 1 | nd | 0.17 | 0.34 | 3.98 | 11.14 | 112.8 | 2.75 | 30.93 | 51.02 | 34,700 | 4995 | 3231 | 652.9 |
Avala 2 | nd | nd | nd | 1.99 | 10.47 | 71.8 | 3.66 | 1.20 | 43.14 | 13,260 | 2463 | 1384 | 772.5 |
Avala 3 | nd | nd | nd | 2.67 | 9.93 | 76.5 | 4.55 | 0.70 | 24.38 | 18,090 | 3164 | 2472 | 587.4 |
N. Beograd | nd | nd | nd | 2.33 | 11.18 | 92.6 | 1.56 | 0.64 | 10.21 | 20,560 | 1392 | 1638 | 35.7 |
B. Potok | nd | nd | nd | 3.70 | 11.15 | 113.8 | 6.85 | 1.70 | 33.86 | 21,270 | 2347 | 2791 | 425.8 |
BG na vodi | nd | nd | nd | 4.74 | 12.62 | 362.1 | 2.03 | nd | 40.48 | 26,620 | 6670 | 1993 | 88.9 |
Banjica | nd | nd | nd | 3.65 | 11.13 | 130.6 | 1.85 | 0.47 | 21.21 | 31,060 | 5865 | 3623 | 53.1 |
Zvezdarska | nd | nd | nd | 3.87 | 10.23 | 87.7 | 2.11 | 1.04 | 19.12 | 26,880 | 4553 | 3328 | 360.9 |
Čukarica | nd | nd | nd | 4.67 | 9.75 | 167.9 | 2.39 | 1.19 | 21.06 | 17,610 | 2434 | 1665 | 43.7 |
Kalemegdan | nd | nd | nd | 2.73 | 8.52 | 84.4 | 2.05 | 0.53 | 10.61 | 17,770 | 4747 | 1591 | 31.5 |
Taš | nd | nd | nd | 7.96 | 55.46 | 192.3 | 2.11 | 8.38 | 23.52 | 32,360 | 5217 | 3841 | 127.0 |
Mirjevo | nd | nd | nd | 3.46 | 16.83 | 92.1 | 1.86 | 0.61 | 16.47 | 20,590 | 2022 | 2101 | 56.8 |
Stadion C.Z. | nd | nd | nd | 5.31 | 14.19 | 152.5 | 1.98 | 0.95 | 20.55 | 25,870 | 4795 | 3829 | 59.9 |
Lipovica | nd | nd | nd | 6.75 | 18.10 | 79.5 | 6.60 | 1.01 | 28.55 | 14,620 | 2583 | 2309 | 1186.0 |
As | Cd | Co | Cr | Cu | Mn | Ni | Pb | Zn | 226Ra | 232Th | 40K | 137Cs | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
As | 1 | 0.249 | 0.512 * | −0.051 | 0.113 | 0.483 * | −0.044 | 0.638 ** | 0.078 | 0.321 | 0.280 | −0.018 | 0.477 * |
Cd | 1 | −0.370 | −0.149 | 0.647 ** | 0.014 | 0.097 | 0.679 ** | 0.637 ** | −0.414 | −0.438 | −0.339 | −0.047 | |
Co | 1 | 0.429 | −0.393 | 0.657 ** | 0.039 | −0.013 | −0.410 | 0.726 ** | 0.817 ** | 0.666 ** | 0.364 | ||
Cr | 1 | −0.021 | −0.015 | 0.624 ** | 0.009 | −0.077 | 0.280 | 0.304 | 0.392 | −0.158 | |||
Cu | 1 | −0.116 | 0.329 | 0.656 ** | 0.845 ** | −0.378 | −0.409 | −0.189 | 0.186 | ||||
Mn | 1 | −0.191 | 0.242 | −0.078 | 0.397 | 0.480 * | 0.484 * | 0.383 | |||||
Ni | 1 | 0.123 | 0.230 | 0.058 | −0.105 | 0.170 | −0.251 | ||||||
Pb | 1 | 0.583 ** | −0.071 | −0.174 | −0.236 | 0.329 | |||||||
Zn | 1 | −0.384 | −0.526 * | −0.326 | 0.063 | ||||||||
226Ra | 1 | 0.807 ** | 0.462 * | 0.483 * | |||||||||
232Th | 1 | 0.707 ** | 0.394 | ||||||||||
40K | 1 | 0.116 | |||||||||||
137Cs | 1 |
Metals | As | Cr | Ni | Pb | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Child | Adult | Child | Adult | Child | Adult | Child | Adult | |
Minimum | 7.61 × 10−6 | 4.14 × 10−6 | 1.51 × 10−5 | 8.16 × 10−6 | 4.72 × 10−10 | 1.33 × 10−9 | 1.95 × 10−7 | 1.04 × 10−7 |
Maximum | 1.33 × 10−3 | 7.22 × 10−4 | 3.76 × 10−5 | 2.04 × 10−5 | 1.72 × 10−9 | 4.84 × 10−9 | 4.00 × 10−5 | 2.14 × 10−5 |
Average | 8.03 × 10−5 | 4.37 × 10−5 | 2.48 × 10−5 | 1.34 × 10−5 | 1.06 × 10−9 | 2.99 × 10−9 | 2.35 × 10−6 | 1.26 × 10−6 |
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Gulan, L.; Stajic, J.M.; Zeremski, T.; Durlević, U.; Valjarević, A. Radionuclides and Metals in the Parks of the City of Belgrade, Serbia: Spatial Distribution and Health Risk Assessment. Forests 2022, 13, 1648. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13101648
Gulan L, Stajic JM, Zeremski T, Durlević U, Valjarević A. Radionuclides and Metals in the Parks of the City of Belgrade, Serbia: Spatial Distribution and Health Risk Assessment. Forests. 2022; 13(10):1648. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13101648
Chicago/Turabian StyleGulan, Ljiljana, Jelena M. Stajic, Tijana Zeremski, Uroš Durlević, and Aleksandar Valjarević. 2022. "Radionuclides and Metals in the Parks of the City of Belgrade, Serbia: Spatial Distribution and Health Risk Assessment" Forests 13, no. 10: 1648. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13101648
APA StyleGulan, L., Stajic, J. M., Zeremski, T., Durlević, U., & Valjarević, A. (2022). Radionuclides and Metals in the Parks of the City of Belgrade, Serbia: Spatial Distribution and Health Risk Assessment. Forests, 13(10), 1648. https://doi.org/10.3390/f13101648