4.1. Variation of Soil Organic Matter Quantity on Soil Types and Pedogenetic Horizons Depending on Slope Aspect
In the case of dystric cambisol, the median values for the soil organic matter quantity from the Ao horizon (
Figure 2) did not significantly differ among the eight slope aspect categories; the values ranged from 7% to 8%. The lowest values were recorded for SW (sunny) and N (shadowed), namely for the two opposed slope aspects (sunny vs. shaded). The highest median value was found on the NE slope aspect, which also belongs to the shaded category. The variation amplitude was high, with minimum values between 0.5% and 1% for all eight slope aspect categories, whereas the maximum values gravitated around 18% (
Figure 2). As seen in
Figure 2, the soil organic matter content from the Ao horizon of the dystric cambisol did not show significant differences neither at the level of the median value, nor of the amplitude of variation.
Regarding the median values for the Bv horizon of the same soil, they were almost constant for all slope aspect types, varying between 1.5% and 1.7% (
Figure 3). The variation amplitude was lower in the Bv horizon when compared to the Ao horizon, with a maximum value of approximately 11%. If variations between slope aspect categories are extremely low for minimum values, the situation reverses for maximum values. The maximum soil organic matter content regarding the slope aspect categories differed for the Bv horizon. The lowest value was recorded for SE (partially sunny), whereas the highest values were observed for E and NE, partially shaded and shaded, respectively (
Figure 3).
Regarding the second soil type, eutric cambisol, the median values from the Ao horizon ranged between 5% and 6% (
Figure 4). The lowest value (under 5%) was recorded for the NE slope aspect (shaded). As in the case of dystric cambisol, the soil organic matter content median values were constant for all eight slope aspect types. The variation amplitude of soil organic matter content from the Ao horizon ranged between 0.2% and 15%, being lower than those for the dystric cambisol. As seen in
Figure 4, the maximum value of the soil organic matter content for all slope aspect types was lower than the median, namely around 15%. The minimum soil organic matter content was below 1% for all slope aspect categories.
The Bv horizon from eutric cambisol (
Figure 5) showed the same tendency for the median value, which varied only slightly (1.2% and 1.5%) among the eight slope aspect types. The minimum and maximum soil organic matter content values are more different, especially in the case of maximum values. The highest values were found in N and S slope aspects, namely for extreme cases of shade and sunny slope aspects.
Dystric cambisol and eutric cambisol were similar regarding the median value of soil organic matter content in the Bv horizon. This is almost constant with close values for both soil types from all slope aspects. The lowest soil organic matter values for the Ao horizon were found on the shaded slope aspects (N, NE) and on sunny slope aspects, meaning on the two extreme situations. The highest values in the Ao horizon for both soils were found on the shaded and partially shaded slope aspects [
59,
60]. Soil organic matter and soil properties can be influenced to a certain degree by the main elements of topography, respectively, elevation and slope aspect [
61,
62].
4.3. Correlations between Soil Organic Matter Content and Elevation, Stand Age, Production Class
As seen in
Table 3, the soil organic matter content from the SW slope aspect (sunny) was the only one that was correlated positively with elevation and production class. This was the case for dystric cambisol, in the Ao horizon, for the first time interval (1982–1989), which included 104 samples.
By adding samples from the following time interval (1990–1999), two significant correlations were found between elevation and soil organic matter content on the NE and S slope aspects. The number of samples was higher, as we used 152 samples for the NE slope aspect and 95 for the S slope aspect.
When we increased the number of samples by adding another 10-year interval (2000–2009), we obtained significant correlations between elevation and soil organic matter content on all slope aspects. Practically, from two correlations recorded for the two previous time intervals (18 years), we obtained eight correlations for a time interval of 28 years. The 18-year interval included 974 samples, whereas the 25-year interval had an increase to 2265 samples. The 25-year time interval also showed a significant correlation between the stand production class and the soil organic matter content on the S slope aspect.
The last category of correlations included all samples from all time intervals, namely 33 years (1982–2014), with the largest number of samples. The results were similar to those for the previous interval, with elevation showing significant correlations with soil organic matter on all slope aspect types. There also was a correlation between production class and soil organic matter on the S slope aspect. This interval also records the only significant correlation between stand age and soil organic matter content on the E slope aspect. This last correlation involved a number of 275 samples. In total, this 33-year interval included 2478 samples.
Table 3 shows the overall correlation between the three variables (elevation, stand production class and stand age) and soil organic matter content (it was considered whole, not grouped in slope aspect categories). Soil organic matter content correlated significantly with elevation for all time intervals, whereas the correlation with stand production class was found for the 28-year and 33-year time intervals.
Regarding the eutric cambisol (
Table 4), a large number of significant correlations was found for the first time interval (1982–2989), which used the lowest number of samples. These correlations were recorded only between elevation and soil organic matter content on the shaded slope aspects (E, NE and NW), with only one correlation on the sunny slope aspect (SE).
When adding a new 10-year interval, with an increase in samples, for all slope aspect categories, soil organic matter content was significantly correlated with elevation, except for the S slope aspect. Significant correlations were also obtained between stand age and soil organic matter content on the E, NW and SE slope aspects, as well as between production class and soil organic matter content on the NW slope aspect. The soil organic matter content from the NW slope aspect showed significant correlations with all three variables. When comparing the two soil types, the number of significant correlations was much higher for eutric cambisol (dystric cambisol showed only two correlations for the 18-year interval, whereas eutric cambisol showed eleven correlations). The sample number was 1301 for eutric cambisol and 974 for dystric cambisol.
When adding another 10-year interval (amounting to 28 years), we obtained significant correlations between soil organic matter content on all slope aspects and for all elevations. Compared with dystric cambisol, this result was obtained for the largest time interval, the 33-year period. The same tendency was found in this interval, namely the significant correlation between soil organic matter and all three variables on the NW slope aspect. In addition, three new correlations were obtained for stand age.
In the case of the largest time interval (33 years), the significant correlation between elevation and soil organic matter content was maintained on all slope aspects as well as on the NW slope aspect with all three variables. The same correlation was maintained between soil organic matter and stand age on the E and NW slope aspects.
Regarding the overall correlation between soil organic matter content and elevation, significant correlations were obtained for all time intervals, as in the case of dystric cambisol. However, unlike dystric cambisol, eutric cambisol showed significant correlations with all three factors, even from the 28-year interval.
All significant correlations between soil organic matter content and elevations were positive correlations, regardless of the soil type or slope aspect category, indicating that these two variables have the same tendency. When analysing the data sequences, the soil organic matter content increases with increasing elevation. To exemplify, we selected the correlation coefficient with the highest value for dystric cambisol (correlation from the SW slope aspect between 1982 and 1989) as well as for eutric cambisol (soil organic matter content from the NE slope aspect from the same time interval) (
Figure 6). A similar tendency has been observed in other investigations. For example, for the Golija Mountain (Dinaric Mountain system) in Serbia [
63] and for Montana soils [
64], the SOC stock increased with elevation (from 500 to 1450 m). For reference [
43], in studies conducted in the Changbai Mountains, north-eastern China, it was also observed that SOC density showed an increasing trend with increasing elevation (decreasing temperature and increasing precipitation). In the Qilian Mountains, near Zhangye City, Gansu Province, north-western China [
65], SOC stocks increased with elevation; at 3200 m, they were significantly greater than at lower elevations. In a study in the mountainous French region (Franche-Comte), with an elevation ranging from 300 to 1450 m, the same results were obtained: the soil organic carbon content strongly correlated with elevation (SOC increased with elevation) [
66]. However, in the Bale Mountains, south-eastern Ethiopia, at higher elevation, the carbon stock was greater than at lower elevations [
51]; in the Austrian Limestone Alps, the SOC to bedrock increased with an increasing elevation from 900 m to 1500 m [
67]. Some researchers [
68] found that the soil C concentrations are positively correlated with elevation only for certain areas (bamboo forests), but for other areas such as pasture systems in Ecuador, they are not positively correlated. Some studies indicated that SOC stock increased with increasing elevation [
36] while other studies [
69] suggested that the variation of SOC is attributed to soil-forming factors other than elevation.
4.4. Influences of Different Stand and Relief Parameters on the Soil Organic Matter Content Grouped on Slope Aspect Types
The values of the regression coefficient (R2) for the dystric cambisol ranged between 2% and 7%. The highest value was observed for the soil organic matter content from the NW slope aspect (partially shaded), indicating that the independent values (stand age and elevation) influence the soil organic matter content from the Ao horizon by 7%. The remaining percentage was influenced by other factors that were not taken into account in the present study. The soil organic matter from the E, S and SE slope aspects was influenced by 5% by the independent variable mentioned before. On the other side, the lowest influence (of only 2%) was found in soil organic matter content from the W slope aspect (partially sunny).
Regarding the eutric cambisol, the regression coefficient had higher values than that of the dystric cambisol, ranging between 7% and 12%. This is the highest value for dystric cambisol and the lowest value for eutric cambisol. The highest value was also found for the soil organic matter located on the NW slope aspect, similar to dystric cambisol. The independent variables influenced this content by 12%. Stand age and elevation influenced the soil organic matter content from E and S slope aspects by 10%. The two independent variables influenced the least (4%) of the soil organic matter content from the SW slope aspect (partially sunny), as observed for dystric cambisol.
For future research, it is necessary to take into account a bigger number of factors. This will also help in having a better overview of the relation between soil organic matter and forest site, as well as stand characteristics.