Impact of Environmental Conditions on Seed Germination of Glossy Buckthorn (Frangula alnus (Mill)) in Eastern Canada
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Species and Study Area
2.2. Seed Collection and Treatment
2.3. Stratification
2.4. Germination in a Range of Temperature
2.5. Darkness and Scarification
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Seed Viability
3.2. Stratification
3.3. Temperature
3.4. Dark and Light
3.5. Scarification
4. Discussion
4.1. Breaking Dormancy and Germination Pattern
4.2. Effects of Light and Scarification on Germination
4.3. Spread and Invasion Strategies
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Stratification (in Weeks) | Hazard Ratio | χ2 | p |
---|---|---|---|
4/8 | 0.24 | 24.081 | <0.0001 |
4/12 | 0.11 | 86.076 | <0.0001 |
4/16 | 0.12 | 78.235 | <0.0001 |
4/20 | 0.10 | 89.914 | <0.0001 |
8/4 | 4.13 | 24.081 | <0.0001 |
8/12 | 0.32 | 31.496 | <0.0001 |
8/16 | 0.38 | 22.809 | <0.0001 |
8/20 | 0.29 | 35.92 | <0.0001 |
12/4 | 8.99 | 86.076 | <0.0001 |
12/8 | 3.11 | 31.496 | <0.0001 |
12/16 | 1.23 | 1.339 | 0.247 |
12/20 | 0.98 | 0.016 | 0.90 |
16/4 | 8.24 | 78.235 | <0.0001 |
16/8 | 2.63 | 22.809 | <0.0001 |
16/12 | 0.81 | 1.339 | 0.247 |
16/20 | 0.77 | 2.091 | 0.148 |
20/4 | 9.57 | 89.914 | <0.0001 |
20/8 | 3.40 | 35.92 | <0.0001 |
20/12 | 1.02 | 0.016 | 0.9 |
20/16 | 1.30 | 2.091 | 0.148 |
Temperature (°C) | Hazard Ratio | χ2 | p |
---|---|---|---|
12/14 | 0.37 | 11.233 | <0.0001 |
12/16 | 0.27 | 24.269 | <0.0001 |
12/18 | 0.23 | 34.155 | <0.0001 |
12/20 | 0.14 | 71.335 | <0.0001 |
12/24 | 0.40 | 9.411 | 0.002 |
12/28 | 0.44 | 7.247 | 0.007 |
14/12 | 2.68 | 11.233 | <0.0001 |
14/16 | 0.67 | 2.84 | 0.092 |
14/18 | 0.56 | 6.955 | 0.0084 |
14/20 | 0.31 | 31.929 | <0.0001 |
14/24 | 1.03 | 0.014 | 0.906 |
14/28 | 1.15 | 0.315 | 0.575 |
16/12 | 3.75 | 24.269 | <0.0001 |
16/14 | 1.48 | 2.84 | 0.092 |
16/18 | 0.82 | 0.924 | 0.336 |
16/20 | 0.44 | 17.173 | <0.0001 |
16/24 | 1.49 | 2.819 | 0.093 |
16/28 | 1.67 | 4.622 | 0.032 |
18/12 | 4.36 | 34.155 | <0.0001 |
18/14 | 1.79 | 6.955 | 0.008 |
18/16 | 1.22 | 0.924 | 0.336 |
18/20 | 0.54 | 10.451 | 0.001 |
18/24 | 1.85 | 7.503 | 0.006 |
18/28 | 2.08 | 10.360 | 0.001 |
20/12 | 7.09 | 71.335 | <0.0001 |
20/14 | 3.23 | 31.929 | <0.0001 |
20/16 | 2.27 | 17.173 | <0.0001 |
20/18 | 1.85 | 10.451 | 0.001 |
20/24 | 3.16 | 30.399 | <0.0001 |
20/28 | 3.55 | 35.836 | <0.0001 |
24/12 | 2.53 | 9.411 | 0.002 |
24/14 | 0.97 | 0.014 | 0.906 |
24/16 | 0.67 | 2.819 | 0.093 |
24/18 | 0.54 | 7.503 | 0.006 |
24/20 | 0.32 | 30.399 | <0.0001 |
24/28 | 1.11 | 0.152 | 0.696 |
28/12 | 2.29 | 7.247 | 0.007 |
28/14 | 0.87 | 0.315 | 0.575 |
28/16 | 0.60 | 4.622 | 0.032 |
28/18 | 0.48 | 10.360 | 0.001 |
28/20 | 0.28 | 35.836 | <0.0001 |
28/24 | 0.90 | 0.152 | 0.696 |
20 °C | 24 °C | 28 °C | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test | χ2 | p | χ2 | p | χ2 | p |
M-H Log-rank | 9.071 | 0.0026 | 7.239 | 0.0071 | 16.069 | <0.0001 |
Gehan–Wilcoxon | 12.765 | 0.0004 | 7.341 | 0.0067 | 15.791 | <0.0001 |
Tarone–Ware | 10.961 | 0.0009 | 7.301 | 0.0069 | 15.946 | <0.0001 |
Peto–Peto | 12.993 | 0.0003 | 7.362 | 0.0067 | 15.957 | <0.0001 |
Mod. Peto–Peto | 13.015 | 0.0003 | 7.363 | 0.0067 | 15.955 | <0.0001 |
Fleming–Harrington (0.5, 0.5) | 1.944 | 0.1632 | 5.39 | 0.0203 | 14.821 | <0.0001 |
Fleming–Harrington (1, 1) | 1.078 | 0.2993 | 4.304 | 0.038 | 13.138 | 0.0003 |
Variables | βi | SE of βi | Exp. | Wald z-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Darkness only | −0.540 | 0.181 | 0.582 | −2.980 | 0.0029 |
Darkness at 24 °C | −1.172 | 0.216 | 0.309 | −5.424 | <0.0001 |
Darkness at 28 °C | −1.277 | 0.221 | 0.278 | −5.771 | <0.0001 |
12 °C | 16 °C | 20 °C | 24 °C | 28 °C | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Test | χ2 | p | χ2 | p | χ2 | p | χ2 | p | χ2 | p |
M-H Log-rank | 16.006 | 0.0001 | 161.643 | <0.0001 | 112.018 | <0.0001 | 170.058 | <0.0001 | 156.755 | <0.0001 |
Gehan–Wilcoxon | 18.193 | <0.0001 | 150.4 | <0.0001 | 109.967 | <0.0001 | 161.982 | <0.0001 | 148.234 | <0.0001 |
Tarone–Ware | 17.134 | <0.0001 | 157.764 | <0.0001 | 112.335 | <0.0001 | 167.813 | <0.0001 | 153.987 | <0.0001 |
Peto–Peto | 17.815 | <0.0001 | 147.166 | <0.0001 | 98.938 | <0.0001 | 156.836 | <0.0001 | 142.576 | <0.0001 |
Mod. Peto–Peto | 17.827 | <0.0001 | 147.05 | <0.0001 | 98.892 | <0.0001 | 156.784 | <0.0001 | 142.501 | <0.0001 |
Fleming–Harrington (0.5, 0.5) | 5.876 | 0.0154 | 132.22 | <0.0001 | 41.124 | <0.0001 | 85.62 | <0.0001 | 105.207 | <0.0001 |
Fleming–Harrington (1, 1) | 2.273 | 0.1316 | 125.769 | <0.0001 | 43.762 | <0.0001 | 84.446 | <0.0001 | 102.722 | <0.0001 |
Variables | βi | SE of βi | Exp. | Wald z-Value | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Scarification | 2.184 | 0.167 | 8.882 | 13.085 | <0.0001 | |
Temperature | ||||||
No-scarified | 12 °C | −2.047 | 0.293 | 0.129 | −6.987 | <0.0001 |
16 °C | −0.743 | 0.191 | 0.475 | −3.888 | 0.0001 | |
24 °C | −1.117 | 0.216 | 0.327 | −5.173 | <0.0001 | |
28 °C | −1.216 | 0.221 | 0.296 | −5.504 | <0.0001 | |
Scarified | 12 °C | −1.0384 | 0.355 | 0.354 | −2.927 | 0.003 |
16 °C | −0.173 | 0.240 | 0.840 | −0.721 | 0.470 | |
24 °C | 1.159 | 0.258 | 3.186 | 4.479 | <0.0001 | |
28 °C | 0.796 | 0.263 | 2.218 | 3.023 | 0.0025 |
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Custodio, T.; Houle, D.; Girard, F. Impact of Environmental Conditions on Seed Germination of Glossy Buckthorn (Frangula alnus (Mill)) in Eastern Canada. Forests 2023, 14, 1999. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14101999
Custodio T, Houle D, Girard F. Impact of Environmental Conditions on Seed Germination of Glossy Buckthorn (Frangula alnus (Mill)) in Eastern Canada. Forests. 2023; 14(10):1999. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14101999
Chicago/Turabian StyleCustodio, Tiana, Daniel Houle, and Francois Girard. 2023. "Impact of Environmental Conditions on Seed Germination of Glossy Buckthorn (Frangula alnus (Mill)) in Eastern Canada" Forests 14, no. 10: 1999. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14101999