Alternaria alternata and Alternaria koreana, the Causal Agents of Leaf Spot in Celtis sinensis and Their Sensitivity to Fungicides
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling and Fungal Isolations
2.2. Pathogenicity Tests
2.3. Morphological Identification and Biological Characteristics
2.4. DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification, and Sequencing
2.5. Phylogenetic Analyses
2.6. Evaluation of Fungicides against A. alternata (Isolates 11, 13) and A. koreana (Isolate 12)
3. Results
3.1. Field Observations and Fungal Isolation
3.2. Pathogenicity Test
3.3. Morphological Characteristics
3.4. Multigene Phylogenetic Analysis
3.5. Biological Characteristics
3.6. Susceptibility of Alternaria Isolates to Fungicides
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Primer | Sequence (5′-3′) | PCR Amplification Cycle Parameters: |
---|---|---|---|
Internal transcribed spacer (ITS) | ITS1 ITS4 | TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC | 95 °C: 3 min, (95 °C: 30 s, 55 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 35 s) × 32 cycles, 72 °C: 8 min |
Elongation factor 1-alpha (TEF1-α) | EF1-728F EF1-986R | CATCGAGAAGTTCGAGAAGG TACTTGAAGGAACCCTTACC | 95 °C: 3 min, (95 °C: 30 s, 59 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 20 s) × 32 cycles, 72 °C: 8 min |
Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) | GPD1 GPD2 | CAACGGCTTCGGTCGCATTG GCCAAGCAGTTG GTTGT | 94 °C: 3 min, (94 °C: 30 s, 59.5 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 40 s) × 32 cycles, 72 °C: 8 min |
RNA polymerase second-largest subunit (RPB2) | RPB2-5F2 RPB2-7cR | GGGGWGAYCAGAAGAAGGC CCCATRGCTTGTYYRCCCAT | 94 °C: 3 min, (94 °C: 30 s, 53 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 50 s) × 32 cycles, 72 °C: 8 min |
Alternaria major allergen gene (Alt a 1) | Alt-al-for Alt-al-rev | ATGCAGTTCACCACCATCGC ACGAGGGTGAYGTAGGCGTC | 95 °C: 3 min, (95 °C: 30 s, 60.5 °C: 30 s, 72 °C: 30 s) × 32 cycles, 72 °C: 8 min |
Species | Isolate | Accession Numbers | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ITS | GAPDH | TEF1-α | RPB2 | Alt a 1 | ||
Alternaria alstroemeriae | CBS 118809 T | KP124297 | KP124154 | KP125072 | KP124765 | KP123845 |
Alternaria sp. | CBS 108.27 | KC584236 | KC584162 | KC584727 | KC584468 | - |
A. alternantherae | CBS 124392 | KC584179 | KC584096 | KC584633 | KC584374 | KP123846 |
A. alternata | CBS 916.96 T | AF347031 | AY278808 | KC584634 | KC584375 | AY563301 |
A. arborescens | CBS 102605 T | AY347033 | AY278810 | KC584636 | KC584377 | AY563303 |
A. alternata | 11 | OP476716 | OP609771 | OP609768 | OP604538 | OP609775 |
A. alternata | 13 | OP476718 | OP609773 | OP609770 | OP604540 | OP609776 |
A. arctoseptata | MFLUCC 21-0139 T | - | OK236702 | 0K236608 | OK236655 | OK236755 |
A. baoshanensis | MFLUCC 21-0124 T | MZ622003 | OK236706 | OK236613 | OK236659 | OK236760 |
A. betae-kenyensis | CBS 118810 T | KP124419 | KP124270 | KP125197 | KP124888 | KP123966 |
A. breviconidiophora | MFLUCC 22-0075 T | MZ621997 | OK236698 | OK236604 | OK236651 | - |
A. burnsii | CBS 107.38 T | KP124420 | JQ646305 | KP125198 | KP124889 | KP123967 |
A. brassicicola | AC71 | LC440588 | LC482009 | LC480214 | LC476794 | LC481621 |
A. doliconidium | KUN-HKAS 100840 T | NR158361 | - | - | - | - |
A. ellipsoidialis | MFLUCC 21-0132 T | MZ621989 | OK236690 | OK236596 | OK236643 | OK236743 |
A. eupatoriicola | MFLUCC 21-0122 T | MZ621982 | OK236683 | OK236589 | OK236636 | OK236736 |
A. eichhorniae | CBS 489.92 T | KC146356 | KP124276 | KP125204 | KP124895 | KP123973 |
A. eichhorniae | CBS 119778 | KP124426 | KP124277 | KP125205 | KP124896 | KP123973 |
A. falcata | MFLUCC 21-0123 T | MZ621992 | OK236693 | OK236599 | OK236646 | OK236746 |
A. gaisen | CBS 632.93 | KC584197 | KC584116 | KC584658 | KC584399 | KP123974 |
A. gaisen | CBS 118488 | KP124427 | KP124278 | KP125206 | KP124897 | KP123975 |
A. gossypina | CBS 104.32 T | KP124430 | JQ646312 | KP125209 | KP124900 | JQ646395 |
A. gossypina | CBS 107.36 T | KP124431 | JQ646310 | KP125210 | KP124901 | JQ646393 |
A. iridiaustralis | CBS 118404 | KP124434 | KP124283 | KP125213 | KP124904 | KP123980 |
A. iridiaustralis | CBS 118486 T | KP124435 | KP124284 | KP125214 | KP124905 | KP123981 |
A. jacinthicola | CBS 878.95 | KP124437 | KP124286 | KP125216 | KP124907 | KP123983 |
A. jacinthicola | CBS 133751 T | KP124438 | KP124287 | KP125217 | KP124908 | KP123984 |
A. koreana | SPL2-1 (KACC49833) T | LC621613 | LC621647 | LC621715 | LC621681 | LC631831 |
A. koreana | SPL2-4 | LC621615 | LC621649 | LC621717 | LC621683 | LC631832 |
A. koreana | 12 | OP476717 | OP609772 | OP609769 | OP604539 | OP609774 |
A. lathyri | MFLUCC 21-0140 T | MZ621974 | OK236675 | OK236581 | OK236628 | OK236728 |
A. longipes | CBS 539.94 | KP124441 | KP124290 | KP125220 | KP124911 | KP123987 |
A. longipes | CBS 540.94 | AY278835 | AY278811 | KC584667 | KC584409 | AY563304 |
A. macroconidia | MFLUCC 21-0134 T | MZ622001 | OK236704 | OK236610 | OK236657 | OK236757 |
A. minimispora | MFLUCC 21-0127 T | MZ621980 | OK236681 | OK236587 | OK236634 | OK236734 |
A. muriformispora | MFLUCC 22-0073 T | MZ621976 | OK236677 | OK236583 | OK236630 | OK236730 |
A. ovoidea | MFLUCC 14-0427 T | MZ622005 | OK236708 | OK236614 | OK236661 | OK236761 |
A. oblongoellipsoidea | MFLUCC 22-0074 T | MZ621967 | OK236668 | OK236574 | OK236621 | OK236721 |
A. obpyriconidia | MFLUCC 21-0121 T | MZ621978 | OK236680 | OK236585 | OOK236633 | OK236732 |
A. phragmiticola | MFLUCC 21-0125 T | MZ621994 | OK236696 | OK236602 | OK236649 | OK236749 |
A. pseudoinfectoria | MFLUCC 21-0126 T | MZ621984 | OK236685 | OK236591 | OK236638 | OK236738 |
A. rostroconidia | MFLUCC 21-0136 T | MZ621969 | OK236670 | OK236576 | OK236623 | OK236723 |
A. salicicola | MFLUCC 22-0072 T | MZ621999 | OK236700 | OK236606 | OK236653 | OK236753 |
A. setosa | YZU 191101 T | OP341770 | OP352306 | OP374459 | OP352294 | OP293717 |
A. solani | CBS 103.30 | KC584217 | KC584139 | KC584688 | KC584430 | GQ180097 |
A. tectorum | YZU 161050 T | OP341728 | OP352303 | OP374456 | OP352291 | OP293714 |
A. tectorum | YZU 161052 | OP341817 | OP352304 | OP374457 | OP352292 | OP293715 |
A. tomato | CBS 103.30 | KP124445 | KP124294 | KP125224 | KP124915 | KP123991 |
A. tomato | CBS 114.35 | KP124446 | KP124295 | KP125225 | KP124916 | KP123992 |
A. torilis | MFLUCC 14-0433 T | MZ621988 | OK236688 | OK236594 | OK236641 | OK236741 |
A. vitis | MFLUCC 17-1109 T | MG764007 | - | - | - | - |
Fungicide | EC50 Values (µg/mL) | ||
---|---|---|---|
11 | 12 | 13 | |
Prochloraz | 2.95 ± 0.31 d | 3.96 ± 0.4 c | 4.05 ± 0.42 d |
Myclobutanil | 84.41 ± 3.33 a | 55.14 ± 2.34 a | 87.89 ± 3.73 c |
Tebuconazole | 35.32 ± 5.98 c | 13.96 ± 2.52 c | 143.17 ± 8.93 b |
Pyraclostrobin | 50.53 ± 2.05 b | 34.5 ± 7.66 b | 422.26 ± 27.69 a |
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Wang, Q.; Zhang, X.; Wan, Y.; Zhao, Y. Alternaria alternata and Alternaria koreana, the Causal Agents of Leaf Spot in Celtis sinensis and Their Sensitivity to Fungicides. Forests 2023, 14, 2389. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14122389
Wang Q, Zhang X, Wan Y, Zhao Y. Alternaria alternata and Alternaria koreana, the Causal Agents of Leaf Spot in Celtis sinensis and Their Sensitivity to Fungicides. Forests. 2023; 14(12):2389. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14122389
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Qiuqin, Xiuyu Zhang, Yu Wan, and Yinjuan Zhao. 2023. "Alternaria alternata and Alternaria koreana, the Causal Agents of Leaf Spot in Celtis sinensis and Their Sensitivity to Fungicides" Forests 14, no. 12: 2389. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14122389