Spruce Bark Beetle Outbreak Prediction through Automatic Classification of Sentinel-2 Imagery
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Ground Reference Data
2.3. Sentinel-2 Data and Predictors Calculation
2.4. Harmonic Trend Functions and Medoid Composite Processing
2.5. Automatic Mapping
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Reference Spots | 2021 | 2022 | |
---|---|---|---|
Healthy | 37% | 29% | |
Infested | Gray phase | 15% | 33% |
Red phase | 26% | 28% | |
Green phase | 3% | 11% | |
Mixed red–gray phases | 5% | - | |
Mixed green–red phases | 13% | - |
Time Window | Year of Analysis | |
---|---|---|
Medoid | 1 March 2021, 31 May 2021 | 2021 |
Medoid | 1 June 2021, 31 July 2021 | 2021 |
Medoid | 1 August 2021, 30 September 2021 | 2021 |
Harmonic | 1 September 2021, 30 September 2021 | 2021 |
Medoid | 1 March 2022, 31 May 2022 | 2022 |
Medoid | 1 June 2022, 31 July 2022 | 2022 |
Medoid | 1 August 2022, 30 September 2022 | 2022 |
Harmonic | 1 September 2022, 30 September 2022 | 2022 |
Model | ||||||
Healthy Spots | Infested Spots | |||||
Ground Truth Data 2021 | Healthy Spots | 9 | 26 | 35 | Omissions | 22% |
Infested Spots | 13 | 47 | 60 | Commissions | 36% | |
22 | 73 | 95 | ||||
PA | 26% | 78% | ||||
CA | 41% | 64% | ||||
Overall Accuracy | 59% | |||||
Model | ||||||
Healthy Spots | Infested Spots | |||||
Ground Truth Data 2022 | Healthy Spots | 8 | 14 | 22 | Omissions | 11% |
Infested Spots | 6 | 48 | 54 | Commissions | 23% | |
14 | 62 | 76 | ||||
PA | 36% | 89% | ||||
CA | 57% | 77% | ||||
Overall Accuracy | 74% |
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Bozzini, A.; Francini, S.; Chirici, G.; Battisti, A.; Faccoli, M. Spruce Bark Beetle Outbreak Prediction through Automatic Classification of Sentinel-2 Imagery. Forests 2023, 14, 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14061116
Bozzini A, Francini S, Chirici G, Battisti A, Faccoli M. Spruce Bark Beetle Outbreak Prediction through Automatic Classification of Sentinel-2 Imagery. Forests. 2023; 14(6):1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14061116
Chicago/Turabian StyleBozzini, Aurora, Saverio Francini, Gherardo Chirici, Andrea Battisti, and Massimo Faccoli. 2023. "Spruce Bark Beetle Outbreak Prediction through Automatic Classification of Sentinel-2 Imagery" Forests 14, no. 6: 1116. https://doi.org/10.3390/f14061116