Identifying the Response of Ecological Well–Being to Ecosystem Services of Urban Green Space Using the Coupling Coordination Degree Model: A Case Study of Beijing, China, 2015–2023
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Source
2.3. Questionnaire Settings
2.4. Evaluation Methods and Construction of Evaluation Index System of Ecological Well–Being
2.5. Construction of Model for the Coupling Degree and Coupling and Coordination Degree
2.5.1. Construction of Model for the Coupling Degree of Ecological Well–Being and Ecosystem Services of Urban Green Space
2.5.2. Construction of Model for the Coupling and Coordination Degree of Ecological Well–Being and Ecosystem Services of Urban Green Space
2.6. Construction of the Evaluation Index System for the Coupling and Coordination of Ecological Well–Being and Ecosystem Services of Urban Green Space
2.7. Construction of the Evaluation Index System of Ecological Well–Being Integrating Subjective and Objective Indicators
2.8. Evaluation of Ecosystem Services Value of Urban Green Space
2.9. Construction of Ecological Well–Being Coordination Index and Classification of Spatial Relationship Models
3. Results
3.1. Time Series Analysis of Ecological Well–Being
3.2. Coupling and Coordination Degree of Ecological Well–Being and Ecosystem Services of Urban Green Space
3.3. Analysis of the Spatial Relationship between Ecological Well–Being and Ecosystem Services of Urban Green Space
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Sample N = 2639 | Proportion of Population (%) (Census) | |
---|---|---|---|
Gender | Male | 44.7 | 51.1 |
Female | 55.3 | 48.9 | |
Age | 20–29 | 24.1 | 14.1 |
30–39 | 28.2 | 21.1 | |
40–49 | 17.8 | 14.6 | |
50–59 | 11.2 | 15.4 | |
60 and above | 18.7 | 19.6 | |
Education level | Elementary school graduate | 2.9 | |
Middle school graduate | 10.9 | ||
High school graduate | 24.7 | ||
University degree holder | 38.3 | ||
Graduate school student or graduate degree holder | 23.2 | ||
Marriage | Married | 31.1 | |
Single | 64.6 | ||
None | 4.3 | ||
Apartment owner | Yes | 67.5 | |
No | 32.5 | ||
Monthly disposable personal income (CNY) | Below 4000 | 14.5 | |
4000–7999 | 22.6 | ||
8000–11,999 | 23.2 | ||
12,000–15,999 | 12.3 | ||
16,000–19,999 | 7.9 | ||
20,000–23,999 | 3.5 | ||
24,000–27,999 | 2.9 | ||
28,000–31,999 | 3.8 | ||
32,000–35,999 | 3.3 | ||
Over 36,000 | 6.0 | ||
Work related to urban landscaping and greening | Yes | 11.0 | |
No | 89.0 | ||
Self–stated health | Very bad | 1.0 | |
Bad | 5.7 | ||
Normal | 30.8 | ||
Good | 47.1 | ||
Very good | 15.4 |
Element Layer | Weight | Criteria Layer | Weight | Indicator Layer | Indicator Properties | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environmental well–being | 0.216 | Security | 0.165 | per capita green area (m2/person) | positive | 0.064 |
green coverage rate (%) | positive | 0.080 | ||||
Quality of life | 0.175 | service radius of park green space in 500 m (%) | positive | 0.015 | ||
EI | positive | 0.142 | ||||
average noise level in the built–up area | negative | 0.072 | ||||
Health | 0.113 | the annual average concentration of PM2.5 (μg/m3) | negative | 0.047 | ||
the annual average concentration of SO2 (μg/m3) | negative | 0.018 | ||||
the annual average concentration of NO2 (μg/m3) | negative | 0.083 | ||||
Resource well–being | 0.784 | Good social relationships | 0.547 | per capita expenditure on public facilities of urban and rural community (CNY/person) | positive | 0.297 |
per capita supply of public management and public service land (hectare/person) | positive | 0.180 |
Indicator System | First Hierarchy | Second Hierarchy | Variable Code | Indicator Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|
The indicator system of ecosystem services of urban green space: | Regulation service | Satisfaction with climate regulation | X1 | 0.1451 |
Satisfaction with rainwater and flood regulation | X2 | 0.0329 | ||
Satisfaction with noise reduction | X3 | 0.1355 | ||
Cultural service | Satisfaction with recreation and enjoyment | X4 | 0.2110 | |
Satisfaction with aesthetic value | X5 | 0.2570 | ||
Supporting service | Satisfaction with biodiversity conservation | X6 | 0.0511 | |
Providing service | Satisfaction with air purification | X7 | 0.0853 | |
Satisfaction with carbon sequestration and oxygen release | X8 | 0.0822 | ||
The indicator system of ecological well–being | Environmental well–being | per capita green area | Y1 | 0.0762 |
green coverage rate | Y2 | 0.0749 | ||
service radius of park green space in 500 m | Y3 | 0.0572 | ||
EI | Y4 | 0.1277 | ||
average noise level in the built–up area | Y5 | 0.0740 | ||
annual average concentration of PM2.5 | Y6 | 0.0679 | ||
annual average concentration of SO2 | Y7 | 0.0586 | ||
annual average concentration of NO2 | Y8 | 0.0863 | ||
Resource well–being | per capita expenditure on public facilities of urban and rural community | Y9 | 0.2703 | |
per capita supply of public management and public service land | Y10 | 0.1070 |
Element Layer | Weight | Criteria Layer | Weight | Indicator Layer | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Environmental well–being | 0.4844 | Security | 0.2524 | per capita green area (m2/person) | 0.0574 |
green coverage rate (%) | 0.0548 | ||||
Satisfaction with biodiversity conservation | 0.0584 | ||||
Satisfaction with rainwater and flood regulation | 0.0545 | ||||
Quality of life | 0.2555 | service radius of park green space in 500 m (%) | 0.0698 | ||
EI | 0.0582 | ||||
average noise level in the built–up area | 0.0502 | ||||
Satisfaction with climate regulation | 0.0553 | ||||
Satisfaction with noise reduction | 0.0513 | ||||
Health | 0.2302 | the annual average concentration of PM2.5 (μg/m3) | 0.0505 | ||
the annual average concentration of SO2 (μg/m3) | 0.0431 | ||||
the annual average concentration of NO2 (μg/m3) | 0.0513 | ||||
Satisfaction with air purification | 0.0548 | ||||
Satisfaction with carbon sequestration and oxygen release | 0.0569 | ||||
Resource well–being | 0.5156 | Good social relationships | 0.2619 | per capita expenditure on public facilities of urban and rural community (CNY/person) | 0.0644 |
per capita supply of public management and public service land (hectare/person) | 0.0644 | ||||
Satisfaction with recreation and enjoyment | 0.0533 | ||||
Satisfaction with aesthetic value | 0.0514 |
Year | f(x) | g(y) | C | S | N | Coupling and Coordination Types | Coupling Stage |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2015 | 0.184 | 0.026 | 0.1883 | 0.1406 | 0.14 | Moderately dysregulated ecology loss type | Low–level coupling |
2016 | 0.234 | 0.070 | 0.5026 | 0.2764 | 0.30 | Moderately dysregulated ecology loss type | Amelioration |
2017 | 0.818 | 0.235 | 0.4809 | 0.5032 | 0.29 | Mildly dysregulated ecology loss type | Confliction |
2018 | 0.749 | 0.321 | 0.7056 | 0.6144 | 0.43 | Intermediate coordinated ecology loss type | Amelioration |
2019 | 0.994 | 0.477 | 0.7682 | 0.7517 | 0.48 | Intermediate coordinated ecology loss type | Amelioration |
2020 | 0.840 | 0.572 | 0.9292 | 0.8100 | 0.68 | Good coordinated ecology loss type | High–level coupling |
2021 | 0.264 | 0.610 | 0.7111 | 0.5575 | 2.31 | Primary coordinated well–being loss type | Amelioration |
2022 | 0.242 | 0.649 | 0.6262 | 0.5282 | 2.68 | Primary coordinated well–being loss type | Amelioration |
2023 | 0.240 | 0.918 | 0.4319 | 0.5001 | 3.83 | Primary coordinated well–being loss type | Confliction |
District | Score of Ecological Well–Being | District | Score of Ecological Well–Being |
---|---|---|---|
Dongcheng | 0.37 | Fengtai | 0.62 |
Xicheng | 0.26 | Shijingshan | 0.80 |
Chaoyang | 0.57 | Haidian | 0.68 |
Dongcheng | Xicheng | Chaoyang | Fengtai | Shijingshan | Haidian | Total | Average | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Air purification | 76.80 | 76.31 | 1111.84 | 537.71 | 305.92 | 949.67 | 3058.25 | 509.71 |
Carbon sequestration and oxygen release | 144.43 | 143.51 | 2090.89 | 1011.20 | 575.30 | 1785.92 | 5751.25 | 958.54 |
Climate regulation | 266.02 | 208.08 | 6964.78 | 2734.27 | 2051.60 | 6018.89 | 18243.64 | 3040.61 |
Leisure and aesthetic enjoyment | 260.02 | 258.36 | 3764.26 | 1820.47 | 1035.72 | 3215.21 | 10354.04 | 1725.67 |
Biodiversity conservation | 637.34 | 633.28 | 9226.67 | 4462.20 | 2538.68 | 7880.88 | 25379.05 | 4229.84 |
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Gan, H.; Feng, J.; Zhao, Z.; Ma, L.; Di, S.; Wen, Y. Identifying the Response of Ecological Well–Being to Ecosystem Services of Urban Green Space Using the Coupling Coordination Degree Model: A Case Study of Beijing, China, 2015–2023. Forests 2024, 15, 1494. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091494
Gan H, Feng J, Zhao Z, Ma L, Di S, Wen Y. Identifying the Response of Ecological Well–Being to Ecosystem Services of Urban Green Space Using the Coupling Coordination Degree Model: A Case Study of Beijing, China, 2015–2023. Forests. 2024; 15(9):1494. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091494
Chicago/Turabian StyleGan, Huimin, Ji Feng, Zheng Zhao, Li Ma, Shuyi Di, and Yali Wen. 2024. "Identifying the Response of Ecological Well–Being to Ecosystem Services of Urban Green Space Using the Coupling Coordination Degree Model: A Case Study of Beijing, China, 2015–2023" Forests 15, no. 9: 1494. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091494