Preparing for the Worst: Enhancing Seedling Traits to Reduce Transplant Shock in Semi-Arid Regions †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.2. Plant Species and Nursery Practices
2.3. Experimental Design
2.4. Elevated CO2
2.5. Drought Hardening
2.6. Abscisic Acid
2.7. Control Group
2.8. Physiological and Morphological Measurements
2.8.1. Gas Exchange
2.8.2. Osmotic Adjustment
2.8.3. Stomatal Density
2.8.4. Non-Structural Carbohydrates
2.8.5. Root Metrics
2.8.6. Treatment Relative Growth Rates
2.9. Field Experiment
Field Survival and Growth
2.10. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Photosynthesis and Gas Exchange Parameters
3.2. Leaf Osmolality and Non-Structural Carbohydrates
3.3. Root Morphology and Stomatal Density
3.4. Field and Post-Treatment Growth and Mortality
4. Discussion
4.1. Response to Elevated CO2
4.2. Drought Hardening Increased Osmolality and Lowered Stomatal Conductance
4.3. Abscisic Acid Reliably Reduced gsw, E, and Asat
4.4. Modifications to Plant Traits Had Little Influence on Field Performance Due to Favorable Field Conditions
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Treatment | Duration (n) | Duration (f) | Total Exposure (n) | Total Exposure (f) | Response Variables (n) | Response Variables (f) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ABA (abscisic acid) | Applied Dec. 13 | Applied Nov. 14 | NA | NA | gsw, E, Asat, WUE | mortality and growth |
DR (drought hardening) | Oct. 14–Nov. 29 | Oct. 14–Nov. 14 | NA | NA | gsw, E, Asat, WUE, osmleaf, growth, SRL | mortality and growth |
eCO2 (elevated CO2) | Oct. 14–Nov. 29 | Oct. 14–Nov. 14 | 747.3 h | 547.4 h | gsw, E, Asat, WUE, osmleaf, growth, SRL, SD, NSCs | mortality and growth |
Response | Treatment | CIBE | ERHE | FRBE | MAGL | CEPA |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gsw | DH | ns | ns | ns | ↓ | - |
eCO2 | ns | ns | ns | ↑ | - | |
ABA | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | - | |
T | DH | ns | ns | ns | - | - |
eCO2 | - | ns | ns | - | - | |
ABA | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ | - | - | |
Asat | DH | ns | ns | ns | - | - |
eCO2 | - | ↓ | ns | - | - | |
ABA | ns | ↓ | ↓ | - | - | |
WUE | DH | ns | ns | ns | - | - |
eCO2 | - | ns | ns | - | - | |
ABA | ns | ns | ns | - | - | |
SD | eCO2 | ns | ↑ | ns | ↑ | - |
osmleaf | DH | ↑ | ns | ↑ | - | - |
eCO2 | ns | ns | ↑ | - | - | |
SRL * | DH | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
eCO2 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
RL * | DH | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
eCO2 | ns | ns | ↑ | ns | ns | |
RGRn | DH | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
eCO2 | ns | ns | ns | ↑ | ↑ | |
RGRf | DH | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
eCO2 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
ABA | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
Mortality | DH | ↑ | ns | ns | ns | ns |
eCO2 | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns | |
ABA | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
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Mainhart, D.E.; Christoffersen, B.O.; Thompson, R.A.; Reemts, C.M.; Fierro-Cabo, A. Preparing for the Worst: Enhancing Seedling Traits to Reduce Transplant Shock in Semi-Arid Regions. Forests 2024, 15, 1607. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091607
Mainhart DE, Christoffersen BO, Thompson RA, Reemts CM, Fierro-Cabo A. Preparing for the Worst: Enhancing Seedling Traits to Reduce Transplant Shock in Semi-Arid Regions. Forests. 2024; 15(9):1607. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091607
Chicago/Turabian StyleMainhart, Douglas E., Bradley O. Christoffersen, R. Alexander Thompson, Charlotte M. Reemts, and Alejandro Fierro-Cabo. 2024. "Preparing for the Worst: Enhancing Seedling Traits to Reduce Transplant Shock in Semi-Arid Regions" Forests 15, no. 9: 1607. https://doi.org/10.3390/f15091607