The Impact of Changes in Species Richness and Species Replacement on Patterns of Taxonomic Homogenization in the Carpathian Forest Ecosystems
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. The Site of Study and Data Collection
2.2. Data Analysis
- (1)
- Sorensen’s dissimilarity index (βsor), which measures dissimilarity in species composition between sites due to both spatial turnover and differences in species richness [33],
- (2)
- Simpson’s dissimilarity index (βsim), which expresses spatial turnover without the influence of richness gradients,
- (3)
- nestedness-resultant dissimilarity index (βnes), which expresses compositional differences in richness caused by nestedness.
3. Results
Total Pool of Species | No. of Stable Species | No. of Lost Species (% of Total Pool) | No. of Gained Species (% of Total Pool) |
---|---|---|---|
S-TM-managed forest | |||
133 | 86 | 22 (16.5) | 25 (18.8) |
WBM-whole forest | |||
153 | 91 | 46 (30.1) | 16 (10.5) |
WBM-managed forest | |||
126 | 75 | 38 (30.2) | 13 (10.3) |
WBM-unmanaged forest | |||
128 | 81 | 38 (29.7) | 9 (7.0) |
Mean Value in the Past | Mean Value at Present | Mean Index Change | t | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1950s/1970s | 2000s | ∆ β | |||
S-TM-managed forest | |||||
βsor | 0.51 | 0.48 | −0.03 | −2.4 | 0.0180 |
βsim | 0.43 | 0.38 | −0.05 | −3.61 | 0.0001 |
βnes | 0.09 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 3.69 | 0.0002 |
WBM-whole forest | |||||
βsor | 0.52 | 0.45 | −0.08 | −15.4 | 0.0001 |
βsim | 0.44 | 0.34 | −0.09 | −7.69 | 0.0001 |
βnes | 0.09 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 2.8 | 0.0050 |
WBM-managed forest | |||||
βsor | 0.47 | 0.44 | −0.03 | −1.78 | 0.0770 |
βsim | 0.40 | 0.32 | −0.08 | −4.32 | 0.0001 |
βnes | 0.08 | 0.12 | 0.05 | 4.24 | 0.0001 |
WBM-unmanaged forest | |||||
βsor | 0.55 | 0.42 | −0.12 | −7.12 | 0.0001 |
βsim | 0.45 | 0.35 | −0.10 | −5.47 | 0.0001 |
βnes | 0.10 | 0.07 | −0.02 | −3.43 | 0.0010 |
βsor | βsim | βnes | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F | p | F | p | F | p | |
S-TM-managed forest | 8.22 | 0.0001 | 4.09 | 0.0030 | 0.97 | 0.3936 |
WBM-whole forest | 9.05 | 0.0001 | 9.56 | 0.0001 | 1.76 | 0.1500 |
WBM-managed forest | 3.47 | 0.0091 | 4.97 | 0.0020 | 1.75 | 0.1680 |
WBM-unmanaged forest | 7.29 | 0.0001 | 4.93 | 0.0024 | 3.94 | 0.0130 |
4. Discussion
Supplementary Files
Supplementary File 1Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Durak, T.; Durak, R.; Węgrzyn, E.; Leniowski, K. The Impact of Changes in Species Richness and Species Replacement on Patterns of Taxonomic Homogenization in the Carpathian Forest Ecosystems. Forests 2015, 6, 4391-4402. https://doi.org/10.3390/f6124376
Durak T, Durak R, Węgrzyn E, Leniowski K. The Impact of Changes in Species Richness and Species Replacement on Patterns of Taxonomic Homogenization in the Carpathian Forest Ecosystems. Forests. 2015; 6(12):4391-4402. https://doi.org/10.3390/f6124376
Chicago/Turabian StyleDurak, Tomasz, Roma Durak, Ewa Węgrzyn, and Konrad Leniowski. 2015. "The Impact of Changes in Species Richness and Species Replacement on Patterns of Taxonomic Homogenization in the Carpathian Forest Ecosystems" Forests 6, no. 12: 4391-4402. https://doi.org/10.3390/f6124376