Living and Dead Aboveground Biomass in Mediterranean Forests: Evidence of Old-Growth Traits in a Quercus pubescens Willd. s.l. Stand
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area and Vegetation
2.2. Sampling Protocol
2.3. Field Surveys
3. Results
3.1. Living Biomass (Dendrometric and Structure Data)
3.2. Deadwood Characterisation
4. Discussion
- Dead to live wood ratio should approach 10%;
- Lying deadwood should be prevalent;
- There should be a good diversification of deadwood both in terms of size and decay classes.
5. Conclusions
- Completely fence off the study area, at least the inner and more preserved area, in order to protect it from livestock grazing, enhancing the chance of seedling establishment by native tree species and also reducing soil erosion processes. Such a restriction measure appears to be urgently needed because abusive grazing still occurs in the Nature Reserve [70];
- Preserve the remnant nuclei of other woody species, different from the dominant tree species, which significantly contribute to the biological and structural diversification of the forest stand;
- Deepen the overall knowledge of the forest ecosystem, including ad hoc investigations of all the biological communities (animals, plants, insects, and fungi) and their competitive and symbiotic relationships, including the role of seed dispersers, mycorrhizae, phytopathogens, etc. [71];
- Establish a permanent monitoring area in which to assess the natural dynamics of deadwood and woody vegetation in a Mediterranean forest stand left unmanaged for about 50 years. It could be known, for instance, the average annual accumulation rate of deadwood [60], the average time needed for the transition from standing to lying on the ground deadwood [72], or the mean degradation time of Quercus spp. wood in similar Mediterranean ecological contexts [73].
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Deadwood Category | Size Threshold (cm) | Collected Attribute |
---|---|---|
Standing Deadwood | ||
Standing Dead Trees (SDT) | H ≥ 130 | D1.30m |
Snags (SN) | H ≥ 130 | Dbase, Dtop |
Dead Coppice Shoots (DCS) | H ≥ 100 | D1.30m |
Stumps (ST) | H < 130 | Dbase, Dtop, origin (natural or artificial) |
Lying Deadwood | ||
Lying Dead Trees (LDT) | L ≥ 130 | D1.30m, length |
Coarse Woody Debris (CWD) | L ≥ 100 | Dmin, Dmax |
Species | Tree Density | Mean Diameter | Mean Height | Volume | Basal Area | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N ha−1 | % | cm | m | m3 ha−1 | % | m2 ha−1 | % | |
Quercus pubescens | 178.2 | 44.3 | 42.0 ± 13.1 | 19.9 ± 5.9 | 297.38 | 81.7 | 24.75 | 71.9 |
Quercus ilex | 113.6 | 28.2 | 18.6 ± 7.8 | 10.2 ± 3.9 | 18.98 | 5.2 | 3.08 | 9.0 |
Acer campestre | 78.3 | 19.5 | 28.0 ± 15.2 | 12.9 ± 4.2 | 35.07 | 9.6 | 4.84 | 14.1 |
Castanea sativa | 7.8 | 1.9 | 43.3 ± 8.6 | 18.7 ± 5.1 | 10.59 | 2.9 | 1.19 | 3.5 |
Other woody species | 24.5 | 6.1 | 15.0 ± 7.7 | 6.0 ± 2.2 | 1.79 | 0.5 | 0.54 | 1.6 |
Total | 402.4 | 363.8 | 34.4 |
Deadwood Category | Density | Volume | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N ha−1 | % | m3 ha−1 | % | |
Standing deadwood | ||||
Standing Dead Trees (SDT) | 14.7 | 45.5 (6.4) | 4.3 | 79.6 (13.1) |
Snags (SN) | 7.8 | 24.1 (3.4) | 0.6 | 11.1 (1.8) |
Dead Coppice Shoots (DCS) | 3.9 | 12.1 (1.7) | 0.3 | 5.6 (0.9) |
Stumps (ST) | 5.9 | 18.3 (2.6) | 0.2 | 3.7 (0.6) |
Total | 32.3 | 100 (14.1) | 5.4 | 100 (16.4) |
Lying deadwood | ||||
Lying Dead Trees (LDT) | 66.6 | 33.8 (29.1) | 22.4 | 81.5 (68.1) |
Coarse Woody Debris (CWD) | 130.2 | 66.2 (56.8) | 5.1 | 18.5 (15.5) |
Total | 196.8 | 100 (85.9) | 27.5 | 100 (83.6) |
Total deadwood | 229.1 | 32.9 |
Deadwood Category | Density | Volume | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
N ha−1 | % | m3 ha−1 | % | |
Standing deadwood | ||||
Standing Dead Trees (SDT30) | 3.9 | 26.7 | 3.2 | 18.4 # (74.4 §) |
Snags (SN30) | 2.0 | 25.0 | 0.5 | 2.9 # (83.3 §) |
Dead Coppice Shoots (DCS30) | - | - | - | - |
Stumps (ST30) | 2.9 | 50.0 | 0.17 | 1.1 # (77.3 §) |
Total | 8.8 | 27.3 | 3.9 | 22.4 # (72.2 §) |
Lying deadwood | ||||
Lying Dead Trees (LDT30) | 16.6 | 25.0 | 13.5 | 77.6 # (60.3) |
Coarse Woody Debris (CWD30) | - | - | - | - |
Total | 16.6 | 8.5 | 13.5 | 100 (77.6) |
Total coarse deadwood | 25.4 | 11.1 * | 17.4 | 52.9 * |
Parameter | Range 1 | The Fanuso Wood |
---|---|---|
Dead to live wood ratio (%) | 9–89 | 9 |
Basal area (m2 ha−1) | 24–57 | 34.4 |
Stem density (N ha−1) | 124–1835 | 402.4 |
Large living trees * (N ha−1) | 36.5–122 | 38.2 |
Living aboveground biomass (m3 ha−1) | 255.5–510 | 363.9 |
Quadratic mean diameter (cm) | 14.6–64.3 | 33.0 |
Coarse woody debris (m3 ha−1) | 45–469 | 32.9 |
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Badalamenti, E.; La Mantia, T.; La Mantia, G.; Cairone, A.; La Mela Veca, D.S. Living and Dead Aboveground Biomass in Mediterranean Forests: Evidence of Old-Growth Traits in a Quercus pubescens Willd. s.l. Stand. Forests 2017, 8, 187. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8060187
Badalamenti E, La Mantia T, La Mantia G, Cairone A, La Mela Veca DS. Living and Dead Aboveground Biomass in Mediterranean Forests: Evidence of Old-Growth Traits in a Quercus pubescens Willd. s.l. Stand. Forests. 2017; 8(6):187. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8060187
Chicago/Turabian StyleBadalamenti, Emilio, Tommaso La Mantia, Giovanni La Mantia, Antonino Cairone, and Donato Salvatore La Mela Veca. 2017. "Living and Dead Aboveground Biomass in Mediterranean Forests: Evidence of Old-Growth Traits in a Quercus pubescens Willd. s.l. Stand" Forests 8, no. 6: 187. https://doi.org/10.3390/f8060187