Quantitative Assessment of Surface Runoff and Base Flow Response to Multiple Factors in Pengchongjian Small Watershed
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Study Area and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Methods
2.2.1. Data
2.2.2. Trend Analysis
2.2.3. Separating the Effect of ET on Surface Runoff and Base Flow
2.2.4. Excluding the Contribution Rates of Precipitation Variation and Vegetation Restoration
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Seasonal Distribution of Precipitation, Evapotranspiration (ET), Surface Runoff and Base Flow
3.2. Variations of Precipitation and Surface Runoff
3.3. Contribution Rates of ET to Surface Runoff and Base Flow
3.3.1. Variation in Temperature and ET
3.3.2. Impacts of ET on Surface Runoff and Base Flow
3.4. Contribution Rates of Precipitation Variation and Vegetation Restoration to Surface Runoff Decrease
3.5. Contribution Rates of Precipitation Variation and Vegetation Restoration to Base Flow Decrease
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Precipitation/mm | 564.6 | 589.7 | 199.3 | 206.7 | 1560.3 |
Annual proportion/% | 36.2% | 37.8% | 12.8% | 13.2% | --- |
ET/mm | 218.0 | 272.2 | 168.8 | 153.0 | 811.9 |
Annual proportion/% | 26.9% | 33.5% | 20.8% | 18.8% | --- |
Surface runoff/mm | 354.8 | 300.9 | 34.3 | 53.7 | 743.7 |
Annual proportion/% | 47.7% | 40.5% | 4.6% | 7.2% | --- |
Base flow/mm | 159.9 | 131.2 | 19.1 | 43.0 | 353.2 |
Annual proportion/% | 45.3% | 37.1% | 5.4% | 12.2% | --- |
Slope (mm·year−1) | Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | Whole Year |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
K1 | 213.6 | 260.2 | 152.7 | 146.9 | 773.4 |
K2 | 229.7 | 289.1 | 165.5 | 176.6 | 860.9 |
ΔKET | 0.075 | 0.111 | 0.084 | 0.202 | 0.113 |
K3 | 381.1 | 353.9 | 26.2 | 62.8 | 831.9 |
K4 | 280.9 | 248.1 | 18.7 | 26.7 | 588.9 |
ΔKSR | −0.263 | −0.299 | −0.286 | −0.575 | −0.292 |
K’3 | 166.5 | 150.1 | 18.2 | 49.5 | 384.3 |
K’4 | 136.7 | 118 | 14.2 | 24.1 | 293.7 |
ΔKB | −0.179 | −0.214 | −0.220 | −0.513 | −0.236 |
CET to surface runoff (%) | 28.5 | 37.1 | 29.4 | 35.1 | 38.7 |
CET to base flow (%) | 41.9 | 51.9 | 38.2 | 39.4 | 47.9 |
Time Scale | Simulated Mean Surface Runoff (mm) | Observed Mean Surface Runoff (mm) | Impact of Precipitation Variation | Impact of Vegetation Restoration | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variation (mm) | Contribution (%) | Variation (mm) | Contribution (%) | |||
Spring | 322.1 | 280.9 | −59.0 | 42.1 | −41.2 | 29.4 |
Summer | 278.2 | 248.1 | −75.7 | 45.0 | −30.1 | 17.9 |
Autumn | 23.0 | 18.7 | −3.2 | 30.1 | −4.3 | 40.5 |
Winter | 53.5 | 26.7 | −9.3 | 16.7 | −26.8 | 48.2 |
Year | 693.2 | 588.9 | −138.7 | 35.0 | −104.3 | 26.3 |
Time Scale | Simulated Mean Base Flow (mm) | Observed Mean Base Flow (mm) | Impact of Precipitation Variation | Impact of Vegetation Restoration | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Variation (mm) | Contribution (%) | Variation (mm) | Contribution (%) | |||
Spring | 149.5 | 136.7 | −17.0 | 33.1 | −12.8 | 25.0 |
Summer | 123.9 | 118.0 | −26.2 | 39.3 | −5.9 | 8.8 |
Autumn | 15.6 | 14.2 | −2.6 | 40.2 | −1.4 | 21.6 |
Winter | 39.3 | 24.1 | −10.2 | 24.3 | −15.2 | 36.3 |
Year | 341.8 | 293.7 | −42.5 | 24.4 | −48.1 | 27.7 |
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Ouyang, L.; Liu, S.; Ye, J.; Liu, Z.; Sheng, F.; Wang, R.; Lu, Z. Quantitative Assessment of Surface Runoff and Base Flow Response to Multiple Factors in Pengchongjian Small Watershed. Forests 2018, 9, 553. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090553
Ouyang L, Liu S, Ye J, Liu Z, Sheng F, Wang R, Lu Z. Quantitative Assessment of Surface Runoff and Base Flow Response to Multiple Factors in Pengchongjian Small Watershed. Forests. 2018; 9(9):553. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090553
Chicago/Turabian StyleOuyang, Lei, Shiyu Liu, Jingping Ye, Zheng Liu, Fei Sheng, Rong Wang, and Zhihong Lu. 2018. "Quantitative Assessment of Surface Runoff and Base Flow Response to Multiple Factors in Pengchongjian Small Watershed" Forests 9, no. 9: 553. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090553