Native Plant Diversity and Composition Across a Pinus radiata D.Don Plantation Landscape in South-Central Chile—The Impact of Plantation Age, Logging Roads and Alien Species
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sampling
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Native Plant Diversity in Plantations Compared to the Natural Forest
3.2. Differences in Environmental Conditions and Plant Species Richness among Age Classes
3.3. Species Composition of Forest Types and Habitats
3.4. Dissimilarity between Forest Interiors and Roadsides
3.5. Determination of Indicator Species for Forest Interiors and Roadsides
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of the Plantation Management Cycle on Native Plant Diversity
4.2. The Effect of Forest Roads on Native Plant Diversity in Plantations and Natural Forests
4.3. Alien Species within the Plantation Landscape
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Roadsides | Forest Interiors | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PY | PM | PO | Nat | PY | PM | PO | Nat | |
Distance to forest edge (m) | 1.1 (1.5) | 3.9 (2.0) | 3.1 (2.1) | 1.0 (0.5) | - | - | - | - |
Road width (m) | 5.3 (1.0) | 4.9 (0.6) | 5.5 (0.6) | 4.9 (0.7) | - | - | - | - |
Mean road use category (1–5) | 2.8 (1.5) ab | 2.1 (0.6) ab | 1.9 (0.8) a | 3.3 (0.7) b | - | - | - | - |
Distance to road (m) | - | - | - | - | 55.3 (8.6) a | 67.6 (11.9) a | 79.8 (18.8) a | 290.1 (142.9) b |
Distance to natural forest (m) | 425.1 (237.1) | 509.9 (350.4) | 558.8 (405.4) | - | 418.8 (261.6) | 534.0 (351.6) | 566.5 (387.9) | - |
Nat | PO | PM | PY | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F (%) | mCv (%) | F (%) | mCv (%) | F (%) | mCv (%) | F (%) | mCv (%) | |
n = 11 | n = 8 | n = 8 | n = 8 | |||||
Alien species | ||||||||
Pinus radiata | 27 | 0.1 | 100 | 0.5 | 38 | 0.5 | 100 | 13.9 |
Rubus ulmifolius | 88 | 4.6 | 88 | 5.0 | 75 | 0.2 | ||
Genista monspessulana | 63 | 1.0 | 38 | 2.5 | 38 | 0.1 | ||
Agrostis capillaris | 38 | 0.7 | 75 | 2.9 | 88 | 2.2 | ||
Rumex acetosella | 38 | 0.2 | 38 | 0.1 | 88 | 1.3 | ||
Hypochaeris radicata | 25 | + | 50 | 0.1 | 50 | 0.2 | ||
Plantago lanceolata | 25 | + | 13 | + | 38 | 0.4 | ||
Sanguisorba minor | 25 | + | 13 | + | 38 | 0.5 | ||
Hypericum perforatum | 13 | + | 50 | 0.3 | 13 | 0.1 | ||
Rosa rubiginosa | 13 | 0.1 | 13 | + | ||||
Lactuca serriola | 38 | + | 100 | 2.4 | ||||
Euphorbia peplus | 38 | 0.1 | 50 | 0.1 | ||||
Verbascum virgatum | 38 | 0.1 | 38 | 0.1 | ||||
Briza minor | 25 | + | 88 | 0.9 | ||||
Anagallis arvensis | 25 | + | 75 | 0.7 | ||||
Cirsium vulgare | 25 | + | 75 | 0.3 | ||||
Senecio sylvaticus | 25 | + | 63 | 0.3 | ||||
Sonchus oleraceus | 25 | + | 63 | 0.2 | ||||
Daucus carota | 25 | + | ||||||
Trifolium dubium | 25 | 0.1 | ||||||
Aira caryophyllea | 13 | + | 50 | 0.4 | ||||
Arrhenaterum elatius ssp. bulbosus | 13 | + | ||||||
Bromus hordeaceus | 13 | + | ||||||
Holcus lanatus | 13 | + | ||||||
Juncus cf. effusus | 13 | 0.1 | ||||||
Logfia gallica | 13 | + | ||||||
Poa pratensis | 13 | + | ||||||
Trifolium arvense | 13 | + | ||||||
Geranium robertianum | 63 | 0.7 | ||||||
Vulpia bromoides | 63 | 0.7 | ||||||
Carduus pycnocephalus | 38 | 0.1 | ||||||
Galium aparine | 38 | 0.6 | ||||||
Anthoxanthum odoratum | 25 | 0.5 | ||||||
Avena fatua | 25 | 0.1 | ||||||
Erodium cicutarium | 25 | 0.1 | ||||||
Mentha pulegium | 25 | + | ||||||
Silybum marianum | 25 | 0.2 | ||||||
Taraxacum officinale | 25 | 0.1 | ||||||
Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare | 13 | + | ||||||
Cynosurus echinatus | 13 | + | ||||||
Euphorbia lathyrus | 13 | + | ||||||
Gastridium phleoides | 13 | + | ||||||
Linum usitatissimum | 13 | + | ||||||
Medicago lupulina | 13 | 0.1 | ||||||
Medicago polymorpha | 13 | + | ||||||
Sonchus asper | 13 | + | ||||||
Vicia hirsuta | 13 | 0.1 | ||||||
Total species number | 1 | 10 | 27 | 38 | ||||
Native species | ||||||||
Cryptocarya alba * | 100 | 3.9 | 50 | 2.2 | 38 | 1.5 | 63 | 4.1 |
Ugni molinae | 100 | 23.4 | 50 | 3.0 | 13 | + | ||
Gaultheria insana | 100 | 25.1 | 25 | 2.9 | ||||
Azara integrifolia * | 91 | 3.0 | 75 | 1.4 | 63 | 0.1 | ||
Lithraea caustica * | 91 | 5.6 | 50 | 0.9 | 13 | 0.4 | 50 | 0.6 |
Relchela panicoides | 91 | 1.6 | 50 | 0.4 | 13 | + | 13 | + |
Nothofagus glauca * | 91 | 1.9 | 38 | 4.7 | 13 | 0.9 | ||
Lomatia hirsuta | 91 | 1.9 | 25 | 0.1 | 13 | 0.1 | ||
Bomarea salsilla * | 82 | 1.6 | 50 | 0.2 | 13 | + | 50 | 0.1 |
Lapageria rosea * | 82 | 4.1 | 13 | 0.1 | 13 | 0.5 | 38 | 0.1 |
Podanthus ovatifolius * | 82 | 1.9 | 13 | + | 50 | 0.5 | ||
Piptochaetium panicoides | 73 | 0.6 | 88 | 7.0 | 100 | 26.5 | 100 | 5.8 |
Uncinia phleoides | 73 | 1.2 | 13 | + | 25 | 0.4 | ||
Dioscorea bridgesii * | 64 | 0.1 | 100 | 0.7 | 88 | 0.2 | 63 | 0.3 |
Peumus boldus * | 64 | 3.8 | 63 | 1.0 | 75 | 1.6 | 63 | 0.9 |
Ribes punctatum | 64 | 0.6 | 25 | + | 63 | 0.1 | 25 | + |
Galium cotinoides * | 64 | 0.3 | 13 | + | ||||
Aristotelia chilensis | 55 | 0.4 | 88 | 11.7 | 100 | 11.0 | 88 | 1.4 |
Gevuina avellana | 55 | 5.0 | 13 | 0.1 | 13 | + | 25 | 0.1 |
Vicia nigricans | 55 | 0.3 | 13 | 0.4 | 25 | + | ||
Persea lingue | 55 | 0.3 | 13 | 1.3 | 13 | 0.4 | ||
Aextoxicon punctatum | 55 | 1.1 | ||||||
Escallonia pulverulenta * | 45 | 0.5 | 63 | 3.8 | 88 | 0.7 | 63 | 0.7 |
Colletia hystrix | 45 | 0.4 | 25 | + | 13 | + | 13 | + |
Sophora macrocarpa * | 45 | 0.5 | 13 | + | ||||
Citronella mucronata * | 45 | 0.4 | ||||||
Teucrium bicolor * | 36 | + | 50 | 0.1 | 50 | 0.1 | 63 | 0.9 |
Quillaja saponaria * | 36 | 0.6 | 50 | 1.7 | ||||
Cynanchum pachyphyllum | 36 | 0.1 | 13 | + | ||||
Blechnum hastatum | 36 | 0.3 | 13 | 0.1 | ||||
Gilliesia montana * | 36 | 0.1 | ||||||
Olsynium scirpoideum * | 36 | 0.1 | ||||||
Solenomelus pedunculatus * | 27 | 0.2 | 38 | 0.2 | 13 | + | 25 | + |
Tristagma bivalve * | 27 | + | 38 | 0.1 | 13 | + | 25 | + |
Luma apiculata | 27 | 0.2 | 25 | 0.1 | 25 | 0.2 | 50 | 0.1 |
Gochnatia foliolosa * | 27 | 0.1 | 25 | 0.9 | 13 | 0.1 | 13 | + |
Oxalis arenaria * | 27 | + | 13 | + | ||||
Alstroemeria ligtu * | 27 | + | 13 | 0.2 | ||||
Gavilea venosa * | 27 | + | ||||||
Podocarpus salignus * | 27 | 0.1 | ||||||
Senna stipulacea * | 27 | 0.2 | ||||||
Pasithaea coerulea | 18 | + | 63 | 0.2 | 13 | 0.5 | 50 | 0.1 |
Lardizabala biternata * | 18 | + | 13 | + | 50 | 1.0 | ||
Carex setifolia | 18 | + | 13 | + | ||||
Lomatia dentata | 18 | 0.3 | 13 | 0.1 | 13 | 0.1 | ||
Proustia pyrifolia * | 18 | 0.1 | 13 | + | ||||
Baccharis racemosa | 18 | + | 13 | + | ||||
Dioscorea humifusa * | 18 | 1.1 | ||||||
Viola portalesia * | 18 | 0.1 | ||||||
Adiantum chilense | 18 | + | ||||||
Elytropus chilensis | 18 | 0.2 | ||||||
Synammia feuillei | 18 | + | ||||||
Sanicula crassicaulis | 18 | + | ||||||
Galium hypocarpium | 9 | + | 88 | 0.2 | 88 | 0.2 | 100 | 1.4 |
Baccharis rhomboidalis | 9 | + | 38 | 0.1 | 13 | 1.1 | 38 | 0.1 |
Nassella laevissima | 9 | + | 13 | + | 38 | 0.1 | 63 | 1.3 |
Margyricarpus pinnatus | 9 | + | 13 | + | 13 | + | ||
Myoschilos oblongum | 9 | + | 13 | 0.1 | ||||
Schinus polygama | 9 | 0.1 | 13 | 0.4 | ||||
Chiropetulum tricuspidatum | 9 | 0.1 | 25 | + | ||||
Dioscorea auriculata * | 9 | + | 13 | + | ||||
Maytenus boaria | 9 | + | 13 | + | ||||
Chusquea quila * | 9 | 0.3 | ||||||
Greigia sphacelata * | 9 | + | ||||||
Laurelia sempervirens * | 9 | 0.3 | ||||||
Libertia sessiliflora * | 9 | + | ||||||
Boquila trifoliolata | 9 | 0.2 | ||||||
Calceolaria corymbosa | 9 | 0.1 | ||||||
Cardamine vulgaris | 9 | + | ||||||
Oxalis perdicaria | 9 | + | ||||||
Rhaphithamnus spinosus | 9 | + | ||||||
Senecio cymosus | 9 | 0.1 | ||||||
Tristerix corymbosus | 9 | + | ||||||
Muehlenbeckia hastulata | 75 | 0.3 | 100 | 2.1 | 88 | 1.2 | ||
Danthonia chilensis var. aureofulva | 50 | 0.1 | 25 | 0.2 | 63 | 0.8 | ||
Stachys gilliesii | 50 | 0.1 | 63 | 0.1 | ||||
Gamochaeta coarctata | 38 | 0.2 | 38 | 0.1 | 100 | 0.3 | ||
Lathyrus magellanicus | 38 | 0.1 | 25 | + | 25 | 0.1 | ||
Conanthera bifolia * | 38 | 0.1 | 25 | 0.1 | ||||
Piptochaetium montevidense | 25 | + | 13 | + | ||||
Alstroemeria revoluta * | 25 | + | ||||||
Acaena argentea | 13 | + | 50 | 0.5 | 75 | 1.5 | ||
Lepechinia chamaedryoides * | 13 | + | 38 | + | ||||
Cissus striata | 13 | + | 38 | 0.1 | ||||
Chascolytrum subaristatum | 13 | + | 25 | 0.1 | 13 | 0.1 | ||
Oxalis micrantha | 13 | + | 13 | + | 88 | 2.7 | ||
Geranium core-core | 13 | + | 13 | + | 75 | 0.1 | ||
Glandularia laciniata | 13 | + | 13 | + | 13 | + | ||
Adesmia spec. | 13 | 0.4 | 13 | 0.1 | ||||
Chloraea lamellata * | 13 | + | ||||||
Raukaua valdiviensis * | 13 | + | ||||||
Gnaphalium cheiranthifolium | 25 | 0.1 | 75 | 0.6 | ||||
Hypericum caespitosum * | 25 | + | 25 | 3.6 | ||||
Calceolaria dentata | 13 | + | 13 | 0.5 | ||||
Eryngium paniculatum | 13 | 0.1 | 13 | + | ||||
Lobelia tupa * | 13 | 0.1 | ||||||
Berberis bidentata cf. | 13 | + | ||||||
Bromus berteroanus | 13 | + | ||||||
Carex phalaroides | 13 | + | ||||||
Mutisia spinosa | 13 | 0.1 | ||||||
Sisyrinchium graminifolium | 13 | + | ||||||
Calandrinia compressa * | 50 | 0.1 | ||||||
Oenothera stricta | 25 | + | ||||||
Solanum crispum | 25 | + | ||||||
Calceolaria purpurea * | 13 | + | ||||||
Adenocaulon chilense | 13 | + | ||||||
Cicendia quadrangularis | 13 | + | ||||||
Juncus bufonius | 13 | + | ||||||
Nothofagus obliqua | 13 | 0.4 | ||||||
Soliva sessilis | 13 | 0.1 | ||||||
Stellaria debilis | 13 | + | ||||||
Total species numbers | 73 | 53 | 55 | 62 |
Nat | PO | PM | PY | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
F (%) | mCv (%) | F (%) | mCv (%) | F (%) | mCv (%) | F (%) | mCv (%) | |
n = 8 | n = 8 | n = 8 | n = 8 | |||||
Alien species | ||||||||
Pinus radiata | 100 | 3.5 | 100 | 0.6 | 88 | 2.4 | 88 | 8.0 |
Agrostis capillaris | 88 | 7.0 | 100 | 20.9 | 100 | 24.8 | 88 | 15.8 |
Genista monspessulana | 50 | 0.3 | 100 | 10.6 | 100 | 7.4 | 75 | 1.3 |
Rumex acetosella | 38 | + | 100 | 0.3 | 88 | 0.7 | 88 | 0.3 |
Hypochaeris radicata | 38 | + | 88 | 0.7 | 88 | 1.0 | 88 | 0.6 |
Lactuca serriola | 38 | 0.1 | 63 | 0.1 | 38 | 0.1 | 100 | 0.5 |
Briza minor | 38 | 0.1 | 50 | 0.1 | 75 | 0.2 | 88 | 2.9 |
Avena fatua | 38 | 0.1 | 38 | 0.1 | 38 | 0.1 | 50 | 0.2 |
Plantago lanceolata | 25 | + | 100 | 0.6 | 100 | 2.5 | 100 | 4.6 |
Senecio sylvaticus | 25 | + | 63 | 0.1 | 25 | + | 75 | 0.4 |
Anagallis arvensis | 25 | + | 25 | 0.1 | 25 | + | 50 | 0.7 |
Acacia dealbata | 25 | 0.6 | 13 | 2.1 | 75 | 8.1 | 13 | 0.4 |
Cirsium vulgare | 25 | + | 13 | + | 63 | 0.3 | ||
Taraxacum officinale | 25 | + | 13 | + | ||||
Sanguisorba minor | 13 | + | 100 | 1.2 | 75 | 1.4 | 63 | 0.8 |
Hypericum perforatum | 13 | + | 75 | 0.2 | 100 | 0.8 | 100 | 0.4 |
Lotus pedunculatus | 13 | 0.1 | 38 | 0.1 | 38 | + | 13 | + |
Eucalyptus globulus | 13 | 0.1 | 25 | + | 25 | + | ||
Briza maxima | 13 | 0.1 | 13 | 0.2 | 25 | + | 25 | 0.1 |
Sherardia arvensis | 13 | + | 13 | + | 13 | + | 13 | + |
Crepis capillaris | 13 | + | 13 | + | ||||
Galega officinalis | 13 | 0.4 | 13 | + | ||||
Rubus ulmifolius | 75 | 5.9 | 50 | 4.2 | 50 | 0.7 | ||
Rosa rubiginosa | 63 | 0.2 | 25 | 0.5 | 13 | + | ||
Vulpia bromoides | 50 | 0.1 | 75 | 1.9 | 63 | 2.9 | ||
Aira caryophyllea | 38 | 0.2 | 50 | 0.3 | 75 | 0.2 | ||
Mentha pulegium | 38 | + | 25 | 0.1 | ||||
Bromus hordeaceus | 25 | 0.1 | 63 | 0.9 | 13 | 0.1 | ||
Linum usitatissimum | 25 | + | 38 | 0.1 | 63 | 0.5 | ||
Sonchus oleraceus | 25 | + | 13 | + | 50 | 0.1 | ||
Logfia gallica | 25 | + | 13 | + | 50 | 0.6 | ||
Cynosurus echinatus | 25 | 0.1 | 13 | + | 25 | + | ||
Trifolium arvense | 13 | 0.1 | 50 | 0.2 | 13 | + | ||
Holcus lanatus | 13 | + | 50 | 0.3 | ||||
Verbascum virgatum | 13 | + | 38 | 0.1 | 50 | 0.1 | ||
Euphorbia peplus | 13 | 0.1 | 25 | 0.1 | 25 | + | ||
Geranium robertianum | 13 | + | 13 | + | ||||
Vicia hirsuta | 13 | + | 13 | + | ||||
Anthoxanthum odoratum | 13 | + | 50 | 0.5 | ||||
Carduus pycnocephalus | 13 | + | 38 | + | ||||
Medicago lupulina | 13 | + | ||||||
Daucus carota | 38 | 0.3 | ||||||
Chamaemelum mixtum | 25 | + | 13 | + | ||||
Tolpis barbata | 25 | + | ||||||
Arrhenaterum elatius ssp. bulbosus | 25 | 0.2 | ||||||
Dactylis glomerata | 25 | 0.8 | ||||||
Gastridium phleoides | 13 | + | 13 | + | ||||
Erodium cicutarium | 63 | 0.3 | ||||||
Silybum marianum | 25 | 0.4 | ||||||
Cerastium fontanum ssp. vulgare | 13 | + | ||||||
Galium aparine | 13 | + | ||||||
Sonchus asper | 13 | + | ||||||
Barbarea verna cf. | 13 | 0.1 | ||||||
Total species numbers | 22 | 38 | 39 | 44 | ||||
Native species | ||||||||
Piptochaetium panicoides | 100 | 1.0 | 75 | 3.4 | 100 | 2.6 | 100 | 4.2 |
Ugni molinae | 100 | 3.4 | 38 | 0.3 | ||||
Bomarea salsilla * | 100 | 0.8 | 25 | + | 13 | + | 25 | + |
Cryptocarya alba * | 100 | 8.6 | 13 | + | 13 | + | 25 | 0.1 |
Aristotelia chilensis | 88 | 5.7 | 100 | 7.7 | 75 | 4.0 | 63 | 0.3 |
Gaultheria insana | 88 | 6.4 | 25 | 0.5 | 25 | + | ||
Azara integrifolia * | 88 | 2.2 | 13 | + | 13 | + | ||
Gevuina avellana | 88 | 4.6 | ||||||
Galium hypocarpium | 75 | 0.3 | 88 | 0.3 | 38 | 0.1 | 100 | 0.3 |
Solenomelus pedunculatus * | 75 | 0.6 | 50 | 0.1 | 13 | + | 13 | + |
Peumus boldus * | 75 | 4.1 | 38 | 1.0 | 13 | + | ||
Ribes punctatum | 75 | 0.2 | 25 | 0.1 | ||||
Lapageria rosea * | 75 | 0.8 | 13 | 0.1 | ||||
Nothofagus obliqua | 75 | 4.7 | ||||||
Gamochaeta coarctata | 63 | 0.2 | 75 | 0.2 | 63 | 0.1 | 100 | 0.6 |
Podanthus ovatifolius * | 63 | 2.4 | 25 | 0.4 | ||||
Danthonia chilensis var. aureofulva | 50 | + | 50 | 0.1 | 50 | 0.2 | 88 | 0.5 |
Teucrium bicolor * | 50 | 0.1 | 50 | 0.2 | 25 | + | 63 | 0.1 |
Baccharis rhomboidalis | 50 | 0.3 | 13 | + | 13 | 0.1 | 25 | 0.1 |
Alstroemeria ligtu * | 50 | 0.3 | 13 | + | 25 | 0.1 | ||
Lithraea caustica * | 50 | 3.3 | 13 | 0.1 | 13 | + | ||
Lardizabala biternata * | 50 | 0.2 | 13 | 0.4 | ||||
Lomatia hirsuta | 50 | 0.9 | 13 | + | ||||
Dioscorea bridgesii * | 38 | 0.1 | 75 | 0.3 | 63 | 0.1 | 13 | + |
Lathyrus magellanicus | 38 | + | 25 | + | 25 | + | ||
Oxalis arenaria * | 38 | 0.1 | 13 | + | ||||
Gochnatia foliolosa * | 38 | 0.2 | 13 | 0.1 | ||||
Colletia hystrix | 38 | + | 13 | + | ||||
Quillaja saponaria * | 38 | 0.9 | 13 | + | ||||
Olsynium scirpoideum * | 38 | + | ||||||
Mutisia spinosa | 38 | + | ||||||
Oxalis micrantha | 25 | + | 63 | 0.1 | 13 | + | 75 | 3.5 |
Tristagma bivalve * | 25 | + | 50 | + | 13 | + | ||
Escallonia pulverulenta * | 25 | 0.6 | 38 | 2.7 | 88 | 1.5 | ||
Oxalis perdicaria | 25 | + | 38 | + | 13 | + | ||
Gnaphalium cheiranthifolium | 25 | + | 25 | + | 13 | + | 88 | 0.4 |
Nassella laevissima | 25 | 0.1 | 25 | + | 13 | + | 63 | 1.9 |
Pasithaea coerulea | 25 | 0.1 | 25 | 0.1 | ||||
Alstroemeria revoluta * | 25 | + | 13 | + | 25 | + | ||
Luma apiculata | 25 | 0.1 | 13 | 0.8 | 13 | 0.1 | 13 | + |
Relchela panicoides | 25 | 0.1 | 13 | + | 13 | + | ||
Adiantum chilense | 25 | 0.2 | 13 | 0.1 | 13 | + | ||
Nothofagus glauca * | 25 | 1.1 | 13 | + | 13 | 0.1 | ||
Proustia pyrifolia * | 25 | + | ||||||
Sophora macrocarpa * | 25 | + | ||||||
Gavilea venosa * | 25 | 0.1 | ||||||
Gilliesia montana * | 25 | 0.1 | ||||||
Galium cotinoides * | 25 | 0.1 | ||||||
Blechnum hastatum | 25 | 0.1 | ||||||
Lomatia dentata | 25 | 0.1 | ||||||
Boquila trifoliolata | 25 | 0.1 | ||||||
Vicia nigricans | 25 | 0.1 | ||||||
Uncinia phleoides | 25 | 0.1 | ||||||
Tristerix corymbosus | 25 | 0.2 | ||||||
Muehlenbeckia hastulata | 13 | + | 63 | 0.2 | 63 | 0.7 | 25 | 0.1 |
Acaena argentea | 13 | + | 63 | 0.2 | 50 | 0.1 | 38 | 0.5 |
Stachys gilliesii | 13 | 0.1 | 38 | 0.1 | 25 | + | ||
Geranium core-core | 13 | + | 13 | + | 25 | + | ||
Citronella mucronata * | 13 | + | 13 | + | ||||
Oenothera stricta | 13 | + | 38 | 0.1 | 13 | + | ||
Conanthera bifolia * | 13 | + | 25 | + | 13 | + | ||
Cissus striata | 13 | + | 13 | + | 13 | + | ||
Schinus polygama | 13 | + | 13 | + | ||||
Chloraea lamellata * | 13 | + | ||||||
Calandrinia compressa * | 13 | + | ||||||
Libertia sessiliflora * | 13 | + | ||||||
Chusquea quila * | 13 | + | ||||||
Podocarpus salignus * | 13 | 0.1 | ||||||
Dioscorea humifusa * | 13 | 1.3 | ||||||
Cynanchum pachyphyllum | 13 | + | ||||||
Chiropetalum tricuspidatum | 13 | + | ||||||
Calceolaria corymbosa | 13 | + | ||||||
Soliva sessilis | 13 | + | ||||||
Myoschilos oblongum | 13 | 0.1 | ||||||
Rhaphithamnus spinosus | 13 | 0.1 | ||||||
Persea lingue | 13 | 0.1 | ||||||
Carex setifolia | 13 | 0.1 | ||||||
Baccharis racemosa | 25 | 0.1 | 25 | + | 25 | + | ||
Sisyrinchium graminifolium | 25 | + | ||||||
Glandularia laciniata | 13 | + | 13 | + | 13 | + | ||
Hypericum caespitosum * | 13 | + | 13 | + | ||||
Embothrium coccineum | 13 | + | ||||||
Maytenus boaria | 13 | + | ||||||
Bromus lithobius | 13 | + | ||||||
Eryngium paniculatum | 13 | 0.1 | ||||||
Margyricarpus pinnatus | 50 | 0.1 | ||||||
Chascolytrum subaristatum | 38 | 0.1 | 38 | 0.1 | ||||
Adesmia spec. | 38 | 0.1 | 25 | 0.1 | ||||
Lobelia tupa * | 13 | 0.4 | 13 | + | ||||
Piptochaetium montevidense | 13 | + | 13 | 0.1 | ||||
Stachys ochroleuca * | 13 | + | ||||||
Hypochaeris scorzonerae cf. * | 13 | + | ||||||
Bromus berteroanus | 13 | + | ||||||
Calceolaria dentata | 25 | + | ||||||
Baccharis linearis * | 13 | 0.1 | ||||||
Carex phalaroides | 13 | + | ||||||
Conyza bonariensis | 13 | + | ||||||
Solanum crispum | 13 | + | ||||||
Collomia biflora | 13 | + | ||||||
Total species numbers | 77 | 46 | 40 | 45 |
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Forest Interior | Roadside | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
PY | PM | PO | Nat | PY | PM | PO | Nat | |
Structure | ||||||||
Cover tree layer (%) | 2.9 (8.1) a | 57.6 (15.1) b | 61.3 (12.1) b | 78.6 (7.6) c | - a | 12.6 (12.6) ab | 28.6 (19.9) b | 48.6 (20.8) c |
Cover shrub layer (%) | 22.9 (18.4) a | 19.3 (19.7) a | 31.3 (11.2) a | 59.1 (16.8) b | 10.2 (16.2) a | 21.2 (19.8) a | 25.8 (14.8) a | 46.8 (10.0) b |
Cover herb layer (%) | 32.3 (11.1) ab | 39.5 (19.4) a | 17.6 (12.8) b | 21.1 (10.4) b | 44.1 (13.9) a | 47.3 (25.8) a | 36.7 (14.4) a | 14.7 (8.4) b |
Environment | ||||||||
Light (%) | 84.6 (11.5) a | 16.9 (7.3) b | 12.7 (5.7) b | 8.9 (3.9) b | 82.3 (10.1) a | 50.9 (9.4) b | 29.9 (14.9) c | 27.6 (18.6) c |
Litter (cm) | 0.2 (0.2) a | 2.4 (1.0) b | 3.6 (0.5) b | 6.3 (2.5) d | 0.3 (0.4) a | 0.3 (0.3) a | 1.1 (0.6) a | 2.5 (1.4) b |
pH | 5.3 (0.2) | 5.4 (0.1) | 5.2 (0.2) | 5.2 (0.3) | 5.3 (0.1) | 5.2 (0.2) | 5.2 (0.1) | 5.4 (0.3) |
C/N | 23.1 (9.5) | 22.6 (3.2) | 27.1 (8.5) | 24.3 (2.8) | 16.0 (5.4) | 13.7 (3.8) | 14.6 (4.2) | 15.3 (4.6) |
Cluster | ISA1 | ISA2 | Origin | LC | GF | Forest | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pl. vs. Nat | Pl Age Classes | |||||||||
IV | p | IV | p | |||||||
Natural forest interior | ||||||||||
Ugni molinae | Nat (I)→PO (I) | 0.840 | 0.001 | → | 0.454 | 0.007 | N | w | s | 1 |
Gaultheria insana | Nat (I) | 0.770 | 0.001 | N | w | s | 3 | |||
Relchela panicoides | Nat (I)→PO (I) | 0.768 | 0.001 | → | 0.403 | 0.009 | N | p | g | 1 |
Lapageria rosea | Nat (I) | 0.658 | 0.001 | E | p | cl | 1 | |||
Lomatia hirsuta | Nat (I) | 0.614 | 0.001 | N | w | t | 1 | |||
Uncinia phleoides | Nat (I) | 0.611 | 0.001 | N | p | g | 1 | |||
Aextoxicon punctatum | Nat (I) | 0.546 | 0.001 | N | w | t | 1 | |||
Lithraea caustica | Nat (I) | 0.535 | 0.001 | E | w | t | 2 | |||
Bomarea salsilla | Nat (I) | 0.512 | 0.009 | E | p | h | 1 | |||
Galium cotinoides | Nat (I) | 0.485 | 0.001 | E | p | h | nd | |||
Azara integrifolia | Nat (I)→PO (I) | 0.478 | 0.006 | → | 0.679 | 0.001 | E | w | t | 1 |
Ribes punctatum | Nat (I)→PM (I) | 0.463 | 0.009 | → | 0.313 | 0.021 | N | w | s | 1 |
Sophora macrocarpa | Nat (I) | 0.434 | 0.003 | E | w | t | 1 | |||
Citronella mucronata | Nat (I) | 0.408 | 0.002 | E | w | t | 1 | |||
Colletia hystrix | Nat (I) | 0.399 | 0.005 | N | w | s | 1 | |||
Nothofagus glauca | Nat (I)→PO (I) | 0.354 | 0.024 | → | 0.309 | 0.038 | E | w | t | 1 |
Podanthus ovatifolius | Nat (I) | 0.337 | 0.044 | E | w | s | 3 | |||
Vicia nigricans | Nat (I) | 0.305 | 0.013 | N | p | h | 1 | |||
Olsynium scirpoideum | Nat (I) | 0.290 | 0.025 | E | p | h | 3 | |||
Cynanchum pachyphyllum | Nat (I) | 0.288 | 0.016 | N | p | h | 1 | |||
Blechnum hastatum | Nat (I) | 0.286 | 0.010 | N | p | f | 1 | |||
Senna stipulacea | Nat (I) | 0.273 | 0.007 | E | w | s | 1 | |||
Gilliesia montana | Nat (I) | 0.231 | 0.022 | E | p | h | nd | |||
Elytropus chilensis | Nat (I) | 0.182 | 0.031 | N | p | cl | 1 | |||
Synammia feuillei | Nat (I) | 0.182 | 0.037 | N | p | f | 1 | |||
Sanicula crassicaulis | Nat (I) | 0.182 | 0.040 | N | p | h | 1 | |||
Viola portalesia | Nat (I) | 0.182 | 0.035 | E | w | s | 1 | |||
Nothofagus obliqua | Nat (R) | 0.730 | 0.001 | N | w | t | 1 | |||
Cryptocarya alba | Nat (R) | 0.571 | 0.001 | E | w | t | 2 | |||
Solenomelus pedunculatus | Nat (R) | 0.490 | 0.002 | E | p | h | 2 | |||
Gevuina avellana | Nat (R) | 0.418 | 0.008 | N | w | t | 1 | |||
Alstroemeria ligtu | Nat (R) | 0.340 | 0.016 | E | p | h | 2 | |||
Oxalis arenaria | Nat (R) | 0.258 | 0.028 | E | p | h | nd | |||
Tristerix corymbosus | Nat (R) | 0.206 | 0.036 | N | w | s | 2 | |||
Plantation interior | ||||||||||
Lactuca serriola | PY (I) | 0.779 | 0.001 | A | s | h | 3 | |||
Geranium robertianum | PY (I) | 0.612 | 0.001 | A | s | h | 2 | |||
Galium hypocarpium | P (I)→PY (I) | 0.472 | 0.035 | → | 0.559 | 0.001 | N | p | h | 1 |
Pinus radiata | PY (I) | 0.538 | 0.008 | A | w | t | nd | |||
Calandrinia compressa | PY (I) | 0.500 | 0.003 | E | s | h | 3 | |||
Gnaphalium cheiranthifolium | PY (I) | 0.438 | 0.016 | N | p | h | 3 | |||
Geranium core-core | PY (I) | 0.427 | 0.005 | N | p | h | 3 | |||
Lardizabala biternata | PY (I) | 0.363 | 0.035 | E | w | cl | 1 | |||
Galium aparine | PY (I) | 0.360 | 0.040 | A | s | h | 3 | |||
Cirsium vulgare | PY (I) | 0.356 | 0.025 | A | s | h | 3 | |||
Sonchus oleraceus | PY (I) | 0.285 | 0.047 | A | s | h | 3 | |||
Piptochaetium panicoides | P (I)→PM (I) | 0.695 | 0.001 | → | 0.537 | 0.001 | N | p | g | nd |
Muehlenbeckia hastulata | P (I) →PM (I) | 0.687 | 0.001 | → | 0.450 | 0.011 | N | w | s | 2 |
Quillaja saponaria | PO (I) | 0.496 | 0.001 | E | w | t | 2 | |||
Dioscorea bridgesii | P (I)→PO (I) | 0.439 | 0.007 | → | 0.438 | 0.003 | E | p | cl | nd |
Plantation Road | ||||||||||
Hypochaeris radicata | P (R) | 0.737 | 0.001 | A | p | h | 3 | |||
Sanguisorba minor | P (R) | 0.670 | 0.001 | A | p | h | 3 | |||
Vulpia bromoides | P (R) | 0.546 | 0.005 | A | s | g | 3 | |||
Aira caryophyllea | P (R) | 0.346 | 0.029 | A | s | g | 3 | |||
Rosa rubiginosa | P (R) | 0.288 | 0.037 | A | w | s | 3 | |||
Rumex acetosella | P (R)→PY (I) | 0.405 | 0.045 | → | 0.397 | 0.044 | A | p | h | 3 |
Plantago lanceolata | P (R)→PY (R) | 0.931 | 0.001 | → | 0.560 | 0.002 | A | p | h | 2 |
Linum usitatissimum | P (R)→PY (R) | 0.409 | 0.017 | → | 0.492 | 0.011 | A | s | h | 3 |
Logfia gallica | P (R)→PY (R) | 0.291 | 0.027 | → | 0.474 | 0.005 | A | s | h | 3 |
Erodium cicutarium | PY (R) | 0.459 | 0.002 | A | s | h | 3 | |||
Oxalis micrantha | PY (R) | 0.409 | 0.048 | N | s | h | 3 | |||
Gamochaeta coarctata | P (R)→PY (R) | 0.341 | 0.036 | → | 0.399 | 0.001 | N | s | h | 3 |
Senecio sylvaticus | PY (R) | 0.352 | 0.030 | A | s | h | 3 | |||
Acacia dealbata | P (R)→PM(R) | 0.282 | 0.029 | → | 0.572 | 0.001 | A | w | s | 3 |
Bromus hordeaceus | P (R)→PM(R) | 0.326 | 0.007 | → | 0.489 | 0.001 | A | s | g | 3 |
Holcus lanatus | PM (R) | 0.450 | 0.005 | A | s | g | 3 | |||
Hypericum perforatum | P (R)→PM(R) | 0.704 | 0.001 | → | 0.427 | 0.003 | A | p | h | 3 |
Margyricarpus pinnatus | PM (R) | 0.389 | 0.021 | N | w | s | nd | |||
Agrostis capillaris | P (R)→PM(R) | 0.668 | 0.001 | → | 0.369 | 0.011 | A | p | g | 3 |
Daucus carota | PM (R) | 0.326 | 0.037 | A | s | h | 3 | |||
Trifolium arvense | P (R)→PM(R) | 0.222 | 0.036 | → | 0.279 | 0.029 | A | s | h | 3 |
Genista monspessulana | P (R)→PO(R) | 0.744 | 0.001 | → | 0.464 | 0.022 | A | w | s | 2 |
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Heinrichs, S.; Pauchard, A.; Schall, P. Native Plant Diversity and Composition Across a Pinus radiata D.Don Plantation Landscape in South-Central Chile—The Impact of Plantation Age, Logging Roads and Alien Species. Forests 2018, 9, 567. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090567
Heinrichs S, Pauchard A, Schall P. Native Plant Diversity and Composition Across a Pinus radiata D.Don Plantation Landscape in South-Central Chile—The Impact of Plantation Age, Logging Roads and Alien Species. Forests. 2018; 9(9):567. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090567
Chicago/Turabian StyleHeinrichs, Steffi, Aníbal Pauchard, and Peter Schall. 2018. "Native Plant Diversity and Composition Across a Pinus radiata D.Don Plantation Landscape in South-Central Chile—The Impact of Plantation Age, Logging Roads and Alien Species" Forests 9, no. 9: 567. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090567