The Effect of Combined Herbivory by Wild Boar and Small Ruminants on the Regeneration of a Deciduous Oak Forest
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Year | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Month | T °C | P mm | T °C | P mm | T °C | P mm | T °C | P mm | T °C | P mm |
April | 7.8 | 57 | 8.5 | 45 | 7.6 | 96 | 7.6 | 78 | 6.7 | 104 |
May | 13.8 | 59 | 14.3 | 13 | 14.0 | 26 | 12.9 | 104 | 11.3 | 122 |
June | 18.0 | 121 | 17.5 | 28 | 16.5 | 65 | 15.4 | 68 | 16.2 | 50 |
July | 21.0 | 0 | 20.1 | 0 | 11.8 | 32 | 18.3 | 48 | 20.0 | 0 |
August | 20.5 | 44 | 20.9 | 0 | 18.0 | 55 | 20.9 | 11 | 19.3 | 49 |
September | 14.2 | 47 | 14.1 | 110 | 13.3 | 39 | 13.8 | 201 | 16.8 | 64 |
October | 10.2 | 155 | 10.3 | 78 | 10.4 | 353 | 8.8 | 288 | 7.2 | 121 |
Variables | Plots | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wild Board | Small Ruminants | |||||||
1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | |
Altitude (m) | 732 | 761 | 818 | 795 | 785 | 906 | 776 | 1027 |
Aspect | W | W | E | W | E | W | E | E |
Slope inclination (%) | 8 | 13 | 38 | 45 | 50 | 35 | 50 | 50 |
Soil organic carbon content % (C) | 4.0 | 3.3 | 2.8 | 2.5 | 3.7 | 4.7 | 3.3 | 4.4 |
Total N/% | 0.45 | 0.34 | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.30 | 0.33 | 0.28 | 0.35 |
Forage utilization percentage (FUP %) * | 50 | 18 | 35 | 27 | 35 | 60 | 58 | 40 |
Year (A) | Plant Cover | Seedling Cover | Acorns | Weight Acorns |
---|---|---|---|---|
(%) | (%) | (No plot−1) | (gr) | |
2008 | 65 ± 2.1 a * | 4.5 ± 0.4 c | 2.2 ± 0.4 b | 0.26 ± 0.05 b |
2009 | 49 ± 2.6 c | 8.3 ± 0.7 b | 0.5 ± 0.1 c | 0.15 ± 0.04 b |
2010 | 54 ± 3.2 ab | 9.0 ± 0.8 ab | 25.4 ± 2.9 a | 23.7 ± 2.4 a |
2011 | 53 ± 2.9 b | 10.8 ± 0.9 a | 0.4 ± 0.1 c | 0.19 ± 0.05 b |
Foraging (B) | ||||
Protected | 58 ± 2.2 a | 9.3 ± 0.5 a | 7.7 ± 1.0 | 6.0 ± 0.7 |
Foraged | 52 ± 2.7 b | 6.9 ± 0.6 b | 6.6 ± 0.9 | 6.2 ± 0.8 |
Type of Users (C) | ||||
Wild boar | 55 ± 3.0 | 10.6 ± 0.6 a | 10.4 ± 0.9 a | 9.2 ± 0.7 a |
Small ruminant | 56 ± 3.4 | 5.6 ± 0.4 b | 3.8 ± 0.9 b | 3.0 ± 0.7 b |
Source of Variation | ||||
Year (A) | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 |
Foraging (B) | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | ns | ns |
Type of Users (C) | ns ** | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 |
A × B (Interaction) | ns | ns | ns | ns |
A × C (Interaction) | ns | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 | p < 0.05 |
B × C (Interaction) | ns | ns | ns | p < 0.05 |
A × B × C (Interaction) | p < 0.05 | ns | ns | p < 0.05 |
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Abraham, E.M.; Sklavou, P.; Loufi, A.; Parissi, Z.M.; Kyriazopoulos, A.P. The Effect of Combined Herbivory by Wild Boar and Small Ruminants on the Regeneration of a Deciduous Oak Forest. Forests 2018, 9, 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090580
Abraham EM, Sklavou P, Loufi A, Parissi ZM, Kyriazopoulos AP. The Effect of Combined Herbivory by Wild Boar and Small Ruminants on the Regeneration of a Deciduous Oak Forest. Forests. 2018; 9(9):580. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090580
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbraham, Eleni M., Paraskevi Sklavou, Aikaterini Loufi, Zoi M. Parissi, and Apostolos P. Kyriazopoulos. 2018. "The Effect of Combined Herbivory by Wild Boar and Small Ruminants on the Regeneration of a Deciduous Oak Forest" Forests 9, no. 9: 580. https://doi.org/10.3390/f9090580