The Needs for Developing Experiments on Reservoirs in Hantavirus Research: Accomplishments, Challenges and Promises for the Future
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Insights into Infection Dynamics of Hantaviruses and Their Impact on Reservoir Fitness
2.1. Dynamics of Hantavirus Infection in Reservoirs
2.1.1. Viremia, Sites of Hantavirus Replication and Persistence
2.1.2. Modes and Kinetics of Hantavirus Shedding
2.2. Hantavirus Infection’s Impact on Reservoirs
3. Hantavirus Transmission: Modes, Dynamics and Spill-Over
3.1. Modes of Hantavirus Transmission
3.1.1. Routes of Inoculation
3.1.2. Vertical versus Horizontal Transmission
3.1.3. Direct versus Indirect Transmission
3.1.4. Transmission by Ingestion
3.2. Environmental Factors Influencing Hantavirus Transmission
3.3. Transmission to Non Reservoir Hosts
4. Immune Mechanisms behind the Biology of Reservoir/Hantavirus Interactions
4.1. The Effective Role of Antibodies during Infection Process
4.1.1. Maternal Antibodies
4.1.2. Antibody Seroconversion
4.2. Immune Mechanisms Mediating Hantavirus Persistence in Reservoir Hosts
5. Challenges and Future Directions
5.1. Strong Individual Variation in Hantavirus Infection Histories: Challenges and Opportunities
5.1.1. Sexual Dimorphism
5.1.2. Immune Phenotypes, Immunogenetic Profiles and Inter-Individual Variability in Sensibility to Hantavirus Infections
5.1.3. Coinfections and Microbiome
5.2. Viral Diversity and Evolution: under-Explored Factors in Understanding Hantavirus/Reservoir Interactions
5.2.1. Adaptation during Virus Isolation
5.2.2. Viral Diversity and Quasispecies Dynamics
5.2.3. Viral Diversity, Persistence and Immune Escape
5.2.4. Within Reservoir Hantavirus Diversity: New Insights from High Throughput Sequencing (HTS)
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Hantavirus | Reservoir | Experimental Design | Refs | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | Viral Strain | Passage History | Species | Sex/Age | Mode of Infection | Virus Dose | Duration | |
PUUV | ||||||||
Hällnäs | Passaged twice in laboratory-bred C. glareolus | Myodes glareolus (colony established in 1959) | Suckling (5 to 8 day-old) and weanling (4 to 8 week old) | intramuscular and intracerebral | 103,5 ID50 | 270 days | [12] | |
Kazan 6 C.g | My. glareolus | - | intramuscular | 100 ID50 | 13 months | [13] | ||
Kazan-wt | Passaged twice in colonized bank voles | My. glareolus, colonized Microtus agrestis, | - | subcutaneous | 104 bank vole ID50 | 21 days | [31] | |
Lemmus sibiricus | ||||||||
Kazan-wt | My. glareolus (colony established in 1990) | - | subcutaneous | 100 bank vole ID50 | 30 days | [32] | ||
Kazan-wt | Colonized My. glareolus | - | subcutaneous | 200 bank vole ID50 | 133 days | [32] | ||
Kazan-wt | Colonized My. glareolus | - | subcutaneous | 100 bank vole ID50 | 38 days | [33] | ||
Sotkamo | Cell culture adapted after numerous passages on Vero E6 strain | Laboratory Mesocricetus auratus | Males/Four week old and eight week old | subcutaneous | 3300 ffu | 70 days | [34] | |
Sotkamo | Wild L. lemmus | - | 1—Peat and bedding materials collected from PUUV-infected vole cages | 1–4 weeks | [35] | |||
2—vole-soiled cages | 2–8 weeks | |||||||
3—intranasal (urine) | 3–8 weeks | |||||||
Sotkamo | Wild My. glareolus | - | subcutaneous | 1.7 × 103 ffu | 35 days | [16] | ||
Sotkamo | Wild My. glareolus | - | subcutaneous | 1.7 × 103 ffu | 55 days | [36] | ||
K27 | Vero-E6 cells | Laboratory Me. auratus | Females/6–8 weeks | intragastrically | 1 | 35 days | [37] | |
pfu; 10,000 pfu or 10,000 pfu γ-irradiated | ||||||||
PUUV (3 × 10 6 rad) | ||||||||
SEOV | ||||||||
SR-11 | Four times in Vero E6 cells | Long Evans rats (Rattus norvegicus) | Males and females/70–80 days | - | 10-4, 10-3, 10−2, 102, 104 or 106 pfu | 40 days | [38] | |
SR-11 | SPF Wistar rats (R. norvegicus) | - | intraperitoneal | - | [39] | |||
SR-11 | Long Evans rats (R. norvegicus) | Males and females/>70 days | intraperitoneal | 104 pfu | 40 days | [21] | ||
SR-11 | Long Evans rats (R. norvegicus) | Males and females/70–80 days | intraperitoneal | 104 pfu | 40 days | [40] | ||
SR-11 | Long Evans rats (R. norvegicus) | Males/60–70 days | intraperitoneal | 104 pfu | 60 days | [18] | ||
SR-11 | Long Evans rats (R. norvegicus) | Males/60–70 days | intraperitoneal | 104 pfu | 40 days | [41] | ||
SR-11 | Long Evans rats (R. norvegicus) | Males and females/60–70 days | intraperitoneal | 104 pfu | 40 days | [42] | ||
Type B-1 | Vero E6 cells | Laboratory rats (R. norvegicus) | Females/neonates | intraperitoneal | 5 × 103 or 5 × 105 LD50 | - | [43] | |
Type B-1 | Laboratory rats (R. norvegicus) | Female/neonates | intraperitoneal | 5 × 103 or 5 × 105 LD50 | - | [44] | ||
Type B-1 | Laboratory rats (R. norvegicus) | Females/neonates | intraperitoneal | 5 × 103 or 5 × 105 LD50 | - | [45] | ||
Type B-1 | - | Laboratory F344/Jcl rats (R. norvegicus) | 2 to 3 months old | intraperitoneal | - | - | [46] | |
KI-83-262 | Seven days on Vero E6 cells | Wistar rats (R. norvegicus) | Newborn (<24 h) and 8 weeks old | intraperitoneal | 6.6 × 103 ffu | - | [24] | |
KI-83-262 | Wistar rats (R. norvegicus) | Newborn (<24 h) and 7 weeks old | intraperitoneal | 6.6 × 103 ffu | - | [17] | ||
80–39 | Three times in Wistar rats and six times in Vero E6 cells | Inbred Lewis rats (R. norvegicus) | 6, 10 or 21 days | intraperitoneal | 106 TCID50 of virus stock in 0.1 ml | 84 days | [19] | |
HTNV | ||||||||
76–118 | Eight passages in weanling rats and two in suckling rats | Wild Apodemus agrarius | Adults | intramuscular | 105.9 ID50/0,3 mL or 108,2 ID50/0,3 mL | - | [11] | |
76–118 | Large array of species, including colonized and wild rodents | - | intramuscular or intralung | 103,5–105,2 infectious units/mL | - | [11] | ||
76118 | Fischer F 344/N rats (R. norvegicus) | Suckling (1 to 3 day old) and weanling (4 week old) | intramuscular and intracerebral | 106 and 108,5 ID50 | 180 or 360 days | [22] | ||
SNV | ||||||||
SN77734 | Peromyscus maniculatus (outbred colony) | 4 to 6 week-old | intramuscular | 5 doses of ID50 | 217 days | [15] | ||
SN77734 | In vivo within deer mice | P. maniculatus (outbred colony) | - | intramuscular | 5 doses of ID50 | 120 days | [27] | |
SN77734 | Outbred P. maniculatus | Males and females/6 to 10 weeks | intramuscular | 20 animal ID50 | 20 days | [47] | ||
SN77734 | Colonized P. maniculatus | - | intramuscular | the equivalent of 2 × 105 genome copies | 6 weeks | [48] | ||
SN77734 | P. maniculatus | Males and females/6 to 10 weeks | intramuscular | 20 animal ID50 | 45 days | [49] | ||
SN77734 | Wild P. maniculatus | - | - | - | - | [50] | ||
BCCV | ||||||||
- | Three times in Vero E6 cells | Laboratory cotton rats (Sigmodon hispidus) | Males/four week-old | subcutaneous | 1000 TCID50 | 150 days | [14] | |
- | Three times in Vero E6 cells | Laboratory cotton rats (S. hispidus) | 3 weeks to 4 months | subcutaneous | 1000 TCID50 | - | [51] | |
ANDV | ||||||||
ANDV-9717869 | Vero E6 cells | Laboratory Me. auratus | Females/6 to 8 weeks old | intramuscular, intragastric, subcutaneous, intranasal | 35 days | [52] | ||
ANDV-9717869 | Outbred P. maniculatus rufinus | Males/6 to 12 weeks old | intramuscular | 200 ffu | 56 days | [53] | ||
CDGV | ||||||||
VHV-574 | Vero E6 cells | Laboratory Sigmodon alstoni | 21 days | subcutaneous | 3.1, 1.1, −0.9, or −2.9 log10 CCID50 | 54 days | [29] | |
TULV | ||||||||
Moravia/Ma5302V/9 | - | My. glareolus, colonized Mi. agrestis | - | subcutaneous | 2 × 103 ffu | 21 days | [31] | |
DOBV | ||||||||
Slovenia | - | My. glareolus | subcutaneous | 5 × 103 ffu | 21 days | [31] | ||
MAPV | ||||||||
HV 9702105 | Vero E6 cells | P. maniculatus | Males and females/8–16 weeks | subcutaneous | 104 TCID50 | 56 and 14 days | [54] | |
RIOMV | ||||||||
HTN-0007 | Vero E6 cells | Wild Sigmodontinae rodents | - | intraperitoneal | 103 RNA copies | 18 days | [55] |
Hantavirus/Reservoir | Experimental Design | Duration | Refs |
---|---|---|---|
PUUV/My. glareolus | |||
Capture-Mark-Recapture (CMR) | 5 years | [25] | |
CMR | 7 years | [30] | |
CMR | Three consecutive winters | [56] | |
CMR | 3 years | [57] | |
CMR | 16 months | [58] | |
SNV/P. maniculatus | |||
CMR | 2 years | [26] | |
CMR | 2 years | [28] | |
CMR | 15 years | [59] | |
CMR | 6 years | [60] | |
CMR | Spring and fall | [61] | |
CMR | 7 months to 4 years | [62] | |
CMR | 5 years | [63] | |
CMR | Spring and fall | [64] | |
CMR | 2 years | [65] | |
Outdoor enclosure | 1 year | [66] | |
Outdoor enclosures | 8 months | [67] | |
SNV/Rodent community | |||
Outdoor enclosures | 2 months | [68] | |
ANDV/Sigmodontine rodents | |||
Outdoor enclosure | 2 years | [69] | |
SEOV/R. norvegicus | |||
CMR | 2 years | [70] | |
CMR | 3 years | [71] | |
MRPV/Zygodontomys brevicauda and Oligoryzomys fulvescens | CMR | 5 months | [72] |
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Madrières, S.; Castel, G.; Murri, S.; Vulin, J.; Marianneau, P.; Charbonnel, N. The Needs for Developing Experiments on Reservoirs in Hantavirus Research: Accomplishments, Challenges and Promises for the Future. Viruses 2019, 11, 664. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11070664
Madrières S, Castel G, Murri S, Vulin J, Marianneau P, Charbonnel N. The Needs for Developing Experiments on Reservoirs in Hantavirus Research: Accomplishments, Challenges and Promises for the Future. Viruses. 2019; 11(7):664. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11070664
Chicago/Turabian StyleMadrières, Sarah, Guillaume Castel, Séverine Murri, Johann Vulin, Philippe Marianneau, and Nathalie Charbonnel. 2019. "The Needs for Developing Experiments on Reservoirs in Hantavirus Research: Accomplishments, Challenges and Promises for the Future" Viruses 11, no. 7: 664. https://doi.org/10.3390/v11070664