High Prevalence of Rotavirus A in Raw Sewage Samples from Northeast Spain
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Raw Sewage Samples
2.2. Animal Fecal Samples
2.3. Virus Concentration
2.4. Nucleic Acid Extraction, Reverse Transcription (RT) and Quantitative PCR (qPCR)
2.5. VP4, VP6 and VP7 Amplification
2.6. Sequencing of the VP6 RT-PCR Products
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Period | HAdV (CG/L) | RVA (RT-PCR U/L) |
---|---|---|
Spring 2015 | 9.51 × 104 | 3.96 × 104 |
Summer 2015 | 1.71 × 105 | - |
Fall 2015 | 1.98 × 105 | 1.73 × 106 |
Winter 2015 | 6.50 × 105 | 1.41 × 107 |
Spring 2016 | 1.16 × 106 | 3.30 × 108 |
HAdV | RVA | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Summer | Fall | Winter | Summer | Fall | Winter | |
Fall | 0.97538 | 0.0743 | ||||
Winter | 0.00077 | 2.0 × 10−8 | 3.6 × 10−6 | 0.0011 | ||
Spring | 0.00941 | 1.6 × 10−5 | 0.93618 | 1.3 × 10−8 | 2.8 × 10−6 | 0.4376 |
Season | RVA Genotypes | ||
---|---|---|---|
VP4 | VP7 | VP6 | |
Spring 2015 | P[4] | I2 | |
Summer 2015 | |||
Fall 2015 | P[4], P[8], P[9], P[10] | I2 | |
Winter 2015 | P[4], P[8], P[9] | I1 | |
Spring 2016 | P[4], P[8] | G2, G3, G9, G12 | I1 |
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Silva-Sales, M.; Martínez-Puchol, S.; Gonzales-Gustavson, E.; Hundesa, A.; Gironès, R. High Prevalence of Rotavirus A in Raw Sewage Samples from Northeast Spain. Viruses 2020, 12, 318. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12030318
Silva-Sales M, Martínez-Puchol S, Gonzales-Gustavson E, Hundesa A, Gironès R. High Prevalence of Rotavirus A in Raw Sewage Samples from Northeast Spain. Viruses. 2020; 12(3):318. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12030318
Chicago/Turabian StyleSilva-Sales, Marcelle, Sandra Martínez-Puchol, Eloy Gonzales-Gustavson, Ayalkibet Hundesa, and Rosina Gironès. 2020. "High Prevalence of Rotavirus A in Raw Sewage Samples from Northeast Spain" Viruses 12, no. 3: 318. https://doi.org/10.3390/v12030318