West Nile and Usutu Viruses’ Surveillance in Birds of the Province of Ferrara, Italy, from 2015 to 2019
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey Area
2.2. Sample Collection
2.3. Samples Analyses
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Order | Common Name | Scientific Name | Migration Pattern | No. Tested Birds | No. USUV Positive (%) | No. WNV Positive (%) | No. Co-Infected (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accipitriformes | Common Buzzard | Buteo buteo | R,P,S | 36 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Eurasian Sparrowhawk | Accipiter nisus | L | 7 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
Western Marsh Harrier | Circus aeruginosus | L | 3 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
Subtotal | 47 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |||
Anseriformes | Mallard | Anas platyrhynchos | R,P,S | 7 | 1 (14.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Other 4 species * | 7 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |||
Subtotal | 14 | 1 (7.1%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |||
Apodiformes | Common Swift | Apus apus | L | 145 | 7 (4.8%) | 7 (4.8%) | 3 (2.1%) |
Charadriiformes | European Herring Gull | Larus argentatus | R,P,S,L | 46 | 3 (6.5%) | 3 (6.5%) | 1 (2.2%) |
Common Tern | Sterna hirundo | L | 1 | 0 (0%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | |
Other 4 species * | 11 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |||
Subtotal | 58 | 3 (5.2%) | 3 (5.2%) | 1 (1.7%) | |||
Ciconiiformes | Cattle Egret | Bubulcus ibis | L | 7 | 1 (14.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Purple Heron | Ardea purpurea | L | 5 | 1 (20%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
Other 5 species * | 20 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |||
Subtotal | 32 | 2 (6.2%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |||
Columbiformes | Collared Dove | Streptopelia decaocto | R | 257 | 11 (4.3%) | 18 (7%) | 3 (1.2%) |
Common Wood Pigeon | Columba palumbus | R,P,S | 88 | 17 (19.3%) | 17 (19.3%) | 7 (7.9%) | |
Subtotal | 345 | 27 (7.8%) | 35 (10.1%) | 10 (2.9%) | |||
Coraciiformes | European Bee-eater | Merops apiaster | L | 7 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Cuculiformes | Cukoo | Cuculus canorus | L | 4 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Falconiformes | Common Kestrel | Falco tinnunculus | R,P,S | 146 | 3 (2.1% | 9 (6.2%) | 2 (1.4%) |
Eurasian Hobby | Falco subbuteo | L | 3 | 0 (0%) | 1 (33.3%) | 0 (0%) | |
Red-footed Falcon | Falco vespertinus | M | 1 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
Subtotal | 150 | 3 (2.0%) | 10 (6.7%) | 2 (1.3%) | |||
Galliformes | Ring-necked Pheasant | Phasianus colchicus | R | 16 | 1 (6.3%) | 2 (12.5%) | 1 (6.3%) |
Gruiformes | Common Moorhen | Gallinula chloropus | R | 25 | 1 (4%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Water-cheeked Rail | Rallus aquaticus | M | 1 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
Subtotal | 26 | 1 (3.8%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |||
Passeriformes | European Blackbird | Turdus merula | R,P | 184 | 24 (13%) | 8 (4.3%) | 5 (2.7%) |
Eurasian Magpie | Pica pica | R | 166 | 4 (2.4%) | 2 (1.2%) | 0 (0%) | |
Eurasian Jay | Garrulus glandarius | R,P | 81 | 2 (2.5%) | 3 (3.7%) | 0 (0%) | |
Common Starling | Sturnus vulgaris | R,P,S | 64 | 1 (1.6%) | 1 (1.6%) | 0 (0%) | |
Barn Swallow | Hirundo rustica | L | 43 | 2 (4.7%) | 5 (11.6%) | 0 (0%) | |
Great Tit | Parus major | R,S | 40 | 2 (5%) | 2 (5%) | 2 (5%) | |
Hooded Crow | Corvus cornix | R | 40 | 0 (0%) | 3 (7.5%) | 0 (0%) | |
House Sparrow | Passer domesticus | R | 34 | 1 (2.9%) | 5 (14.7%) | 0 (0%) | |
Common House Martin | Delichon urbicum | L | 15 | 1 (6.7%) | 3 (20%) | 1 (6.7%) | |
European Goldfinch | Carduelis carduelis | L | 14 | 2 (14.3%) | 1 (7.1%) | 0 (0%) | |
European Greenfinch | Carduelis chloris | L | 12 | 0 (0%) | 4 (33.3%) | 0 (0%) | |
Eurasian Reed Warbler | Acrocephalus scirpaceus | L | 6 | 1 (16.7%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
Eurasian Golden Oriole | Oriolus oriolus | L | 4 | 1 (25%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
Blue Tit | Cyanistes caeruleus | L | 3 | 1 (33.3%) | 1 (33.3%) | 1 (33.3%) | |
European Serin | Serinus serinus | L | 3 | 1 (33.3%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
European Pied Flycatcher | Ficedula hypoleuca | L | 2 | 0 (0%) | 1 (50%) | 0 (0%) | |
Common Redstart | Phoenicurus phoenicurus | L | 1 | 0 (0%) | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | |
Other 22 species * | 82 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |||
Subtotal | 794 | 43 (5.4%) | 40 (5.0%) | 9 (1.1%) | |||
Pelecaniformes | Great Cormorant | Phalacrocorax carbo | L | 5 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Phoenicopteriformes | Flamingo | Phoenicopterus roseus | L | 3 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Piciformes | European Green Woodpecker | Picus viridis | R,P | 48 | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.1%) | 0 (0%) |
Great Spotted Woodpecker | Dendrocopos Major | R,M | 2 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
Eurasian Wryneck | Jynx torquilla | R,M | 1 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
Subtotal | 51 | 0 (0%) | 1 (2.0%) | 0 (0%) | |||
Podicipediformes | Great Crested Grebe | Podiceps cristatus | L | 1 | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) |
Strigiformes | Barn Owl | Tyto alba | R | 11 | 0 (0%) | 1 (9.1%) | 0 (0%) |
Little Owl | Athene noctua | R | 84 | 3 (3.6%) | 13 (15.5%) | 1 (1.2%) | |
Long-eared Owl | Asio otus | R,P,S | 35 | 0 (0%) | 2 (5.7%) | 0 (0%) | |
Eurasian scops Owl | Otus scops | L | 14 | 1 (7.1%) | 3 (21.4%) | 1 (7.1%) | |
Tawny Owl | Strix aluco | R | 1 | 1 (100%) | 0 (0%) | 0 (0%) | |
Subtotal | 145 | 5 (3.4%) | 20 (13.8) | 2 (1.4%) | |||
Total | 1842 | 94 (4.5%) | 118 (6.5%) | 28 (1.5%) |
Order | Common Name | Scientific Name | Virus Used | Infection Route | Dose | Died/Infected (%) | Mean No. Days to Death (Range) | Maximum Viral Persistence in Organs | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Accipitriformes | American Kestrel | Falco sparverius | WNV 1 | MB, OS | Various * | 0/5 (0%) | - | 11 d.p.i. | [20] |
Anseriformes | Domestic Goose | Anser anser domesticus | USUV 1 | IM | 5 × 104 TCID50 | 5/11 (45%) | 4.6 (2–16) | 16 d.p.i. | [21] |
Charadriformes | Killdeer | Charadrius vociferus | WNV 1 | MB, OS | 5–15 mosquitoes * | 0/2 (0%) | - | 10 d.p.i. | [20] |
Columbiformes | Mourning Dove | Zenaida macroura | WNV 1 | MB, OS | Various * | 0/6 (0%) | - | 11 d.p.i. | [20] |
Falconiformes | Gyr-Saker hibrid falcon | Falco rusticolus x Falco cherrug | WNV 1 | SC | 104 TCID50 | 0/6 (0%) | - | 14 d.p.i. | [22] |
Gyrfalcon and hibrid falcon | Falco rusticolus | WNV 1 | SC | 500 TCID50, 104 TCID50, 106 TCID50 | 4/12 (30%) | 9.75 (8–12) | 21 d.p.i. | [23] | |
Galliformes | Domestic Chicken | Gallus domesticus | USUV 1 | IV | 103 TCID50 | 0/18 (0%) | - | 7 d.p.i. | [24] |
Japanese Quail | Coturnix japonica | WNV 1 | MB, OS | Various * | 0/6 (0%) | - | 14 d.p.i. | [20] | |
Red-legged Partridge | Alectoris rufa | WNV 1 | SC | 107 PFU | 3/13 (23%) | 5.7 (2–8) | 10 d.p.i. | [25] | |
Passeriformes | Domestic Canary | Serinus canaria domestica | USUV 2 | IP | 103 TCID50; 106 TCID50 | 3/10 (30%) | 7 (5–9) | NR | [26] |
Domestic Canary | Serinus canaria domestica | WNV | SC | 105 PFU,102 PFU,10 PFU | 0/23 (0%) | - | 5 d.p.i. | [27] | |
House Sparrow | Passer domesticus | WNV 1 | MB, OS | Various * | 3/15 (20%) | 4.7 (3–6) | 10 d.p.i. | [20] | |
House Sparrow | Passer domesticus | WNV 1 | SC | 105 PFU | 5/24 (21%) | 5.6 (4–7) | 21 d.p.i. | [28] | |
House Sparrow | Passer domesticus | WNV 1 | SC | 1000–4000 PFU | 19/150 (13%) | (8–354) | 65 d.p.i. | [19] | |
Red-winged Blackbird | Agelaius phoeniceus | WNV 1 | MB, OS | 5–15 inf. Mosquitoes * | 0/4 (0%) | - | 11 d.p.i. | [20] | |
Common Grackle | Quiscalus quiscula | WNV 1 | MB, OS | Various * | 2/12 (17%) | 4.5 (4–5) | 10 d.p.i. | [20] | |
Fish Crow | Corvus ossifragus | WNV 1 | MB, OS | Various * | 5/20 (25%) | 9.6 (6–13) | 9 d.p.i. | [20] | |
Blue Jay | Cyanocitta cristata | WNV 1 | MB, OS | Various * | 3/6 (50%) | 4.7 (4–5) | 9 d.p.i. | [20] | |
Eurasian Magpie | Pica pica | WNV 1,2 | SC | 5000 PFU | 13/19 (68%) | 6.6 (6–8) | 17 d.p.i. | [29] | |
Carrion Crows | Corvus corone | WNV 1,2 | NR | 2000 TCID50 | 22/30 (73%) | 7.3 (6–9) | 14 d.p.i. | [30] | |
Carrion Crows | Corvus corone | WNV 1 | SC | 1500 PFU | 8/12 (67%) | 6.9 (5–10) | 10 d.p.i. | [31] | |
European Jackdaws | Corvus monedula | WNV 1,2 | NR | 2000 TCID50 | 11/26 (42%) | 7.3 (5–9) | 14 d.p.i. | [32] | |
Psittaciformes | Budgerigar | Melopsittacus undulatus | WNV 1 | MB, OS | Various * | 0/6 (0%) | - | 13 d.p.i. | [20] |
Strigiformes | Eastern Screech Owl | Megascops asio | WNV 1 | SC, OS | 1000–2000 PFU, 1 inf. mouse | 2/9 (22%) | 8.5 (8–9) | 14 d.p.i. | [33] |
Birds | Equids | Human Beings | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Year | Total WNV Positive Birds | Date of Death of the First Positive Bird | Total Cases of WNV Disease | Date of Onset of Signs of the First Case | Total Cases of WNV Neurological Disease | Date of Onset of Signs of The First Case |
2015 | 14 | 20 July 2015 | 0 | 1 | 13 August 2015 | |
2016 | 6 | 6 August 2016 | 0 | 2 | 18 July 2016 | |
2017 | 18 | 17 August 2017 | 0 | 2 | 4 August 2017 | |
2018 | 45 | 4 June 2018 | 0 | 14 | 18 July 2018 | |
2019 | 11 | 22 July 2019 | 0 | 0 |
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Lauriano, A.; Rossi, A.; Galletti, G.; Casadei, G.; Santi, A.; Rubini, S.; Carra, E.; Lelli, D.; Calzolari, M.; Tamba, M. West Nile and Usutu Viruses’ Surveillance in Birds of the Province of Ferrara, Italy, from 2015 to 2019. Viruses 2021, 13, 1367. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13071367
Lauriano A, Rossi A, Galletti G, Casadei G, Santi A, Rubini S, Carra E, Lelli D, Calzolari M, Tamba M. West Nile and Usutu Viruses’ Surveillance in Birds of the Province of Ferrara, Italy, from 2015 to 2019. Viruses. 2021; 13(7):1367. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13071367
Chicago/Turabian StyleLauriano, Alessandra, Arianna Rossi, Giorgio Galletti, Gabriele Casadei, Annalisa Santi, Silva Rubini, Elena Carra, Davide Lelli, Mattia Calzolari, and Marco Tamba. 2021. "West Nile and Usutu Viruses’ Surveillance in Birds of the Province of Ferrara, Italy, from 2015 to 2019" Viruses 13, no. 7: 1367. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13071367