Prevalence and Characterization of Gastroenteritis Viruses among Hospitalized Children during a Pilot Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Vietnam

Mai, Chu Thi Ngoc; Ly, Le Thi Khanh; Doan, Yen Hai; Oka, Tomoichiro; Mai, Le Thi Phuong; Quyet, Nguyen Tu; Mai, Tran Ngoc Phuong; Thiem, Vu Dinh; Anh, Lai Tuan; Van Sanh, Le; Hien, Nguyen Dang; Anh, Dang Duc; Parashar, Umesh D.; Tate, Jacqueline E.; Van Trang, Nguyen

doi:10.3390/v15112164

Open AccessArticle

Prevalence and Characterization of Gastroenteritis Viruses among Hospitalized Children during a Pilot Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Vietnam

by

Chu Thi Ngoc Mai

^1,†,

Le Thi Khanh Ly

^1,†,

Yen Hai Doan

²

,

Tomoichiro Oka

³

,

Le Thi Phuong Mai

¹,

Nguyen Tu Quyet

¹,

Tran Ngoc Phuong Mai

¹,

Vu Dinh Thiem

¹,

Lai Tuan Anh

⁴,

Le Van Sanh

⁵,

Nguyen Dang Hien

⁶

,

Dang Duc Anh

¹,

Umesh D. Parashar

⁷,

Jacqueline E. Tate

^7,* and

Nguyen Van Trang

^1,*

¹

National Institute of Hygiene and Epidemiology, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam

²

Center for Emergency Preparedness and Response, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan

³

Department of Virology II, National Institute of Infectious Diseases, Tokyo 208-0011, Japan

⁴

Nam Dinh Center for Disease Control, Nam Dinh 420000, Vietnam

⁵

TT Hue Center for Disease Control, Hue, Thua Thien Hue 530000, Vietnam

⁶

Center for Research and Production of Vaccines and Biologicals, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam

⁷

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

^†

These authors contributed equally to this work.

Viruses 2023, 15(11), 2164; https://doi.org/10.3390/v15112164

Submission received: 8 September 2023 / Revised: 16 October 2023 / Accepted: 24 October 2023 / Published: 27 October 2023

(This article belongs to the Section Human Virology and Viral Diseases)

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Abstract

Rotavirus (RV), norovirus (NoV), sapovirus (SaV), and human astrovirus (HAstV) are the most common viral causes of gastroenteritis in children worldwide. From 2016 to 2021, we conducted a cross-sectional descriptive study to determine the prevalence of these viruses in hospitalized children under five years old in Nam Dinh and Thua Thien Hue provinces in Vietnam during the pilot introduction of the RV vaccine, Rotavin-M1 (POLYVAC, Hanoi, Vietnam). We randomly selected 2317/6718 (34%) acute diarrheal samples from children <5 years of age enrolled at seven sentinel hospitals from December 2016 to May 2021; this period included one year surveillance pre-vaccination from December 2016 to November 2017. An ELISA kit (Premier Rotaclone^®, Meridian Bioscience, Inc., Cincinnati, OH, USA) was used to detect RV, and two multiplex real-time RT-PCR assays were used for the detection of NoV, SaV and HAstV. The prevalence of RV (single infection) was reduced from 41.6% to 22.7% (p < 0.0001) between pre- and post-vaccination periods, while the single NoV infection prevalence more than doubled from 8.8% to 21.8% (p < 0.0001). The SaV and HAstV prevalences slightly increased from 1.9% to 3.4% (p = 0.03) and 2.1% to 3.3% (p = 0.09), respectively, during the same period. Viral co-infections decreased from 7.2% to 6.0% (p = 0.24), mainly due to a reduction in RV infection. Among the genotypeable samples, NoV GII.4, SaV GI.1, and HAstV-1 were the dominant types, representing 57.3%, 32.1%, and 55.0% among the individual viral groups, respectively. As the prevalence of RV decreases following the national RV vaccine introduction in Vietnam, other viral pathogens account for a larger proportion of the remaining diarrhea burden and require continuing close monitoring.

Keywords: gastroenteritis viruses; rotavirus vaccine; Rotavin-M1; Vietnam; rotavirus; norovirus; sapovirus; astrovirus

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MDPI and ACS Style

Mai, C.T.N.; Ly, L.T.K.; Doan, Y.H.; Oka, T.; Mai, L.T.P.; Quyet, N.T.; Mai, T.N.P.; Thiem, V.D.; Anh, L.T.; Van Sanh, L.; et al. Prevalence and Characterization of Gastroenteritis Viruses among Hospitalized Children during a Pilot Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Vietnam. Viruses 2023, 15, 2164. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15112164

AMA Style

Mai CTN, Ly LTK, Doan YH, Oka T, Mai LTP, Quyet NT, Mai TNP, Thiem VD, Anh LT, Van Sanh L, et al. Prevalence and Characterization of Gastroenteritis Viruses among Hospitalized Children during a Pilot Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Vietnam. Viruses. 2023; 15(11):2164. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15112164

Chicago/Turabian Style

Mai, Chu Thi Ngoc, Le Thi Khanh Ly, Yen Hai Doan, Tomoichiro Oka, Le Thi Phuong Mai, Nguyen Tu Quyet, Tran Ngoc Phuong Mai, Vu Dinh Thiem, Lai Tuan Anh, Le Van Sanh, and et al. 2023. "Prevalence and Characterization of Gastroenteritis Viruses among Hospitalized Children during a Pilot Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Vietnam" Viruses 15, no. 11: 2164. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15112164

APA Style

Mai, C. T. N., Ly, L. T. K., Doan, Y. H., Oka, T., Mai, L. T. P., Quyet, N. T., Mai, T. N. P., Thiem, V. D., Anh, L. T., Van Sanh, L., Hien, N. D., Anh, D. D., Parashar, U. D., Tate, J. E., & Van Trang, N. (2023). Prevalence and Characterization of Gastroenteritis Viruses among Hospitalized Children during a Pilot Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Vietnam. Viruses, 15(11), 2164. https://doi.org/10.3390/v15112164

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Prevalence and Characterization of Gastroenteritis Viruses among Hospitalized Children during a Pilot Rotavirus Vaccine Introduction in Vietnam

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