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Volume 16
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10.3390/v16101552
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Systematic Review

Intrauterine Fetal Demise, Spontaneous Abortion and Congenital Cytomegalovirus: A Systematic Review of the Incidence and Histopathologic Features

by
Megan H. Pesch
1,*,
Jonathan Mowers
2,
Anh Huynh
3 and
Mark R. Schleiss
4
1
Division of Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
2
Division of Pathology, Ascension Hospital Providence, Southfield, MI 48075, USA
3
Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
4
Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Viruses 2024, 16(10), 1552; https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101552
Submission received: 30 June 2024 / Revised: 26 September 2024 / Accepted: 27 September 2024 / Published: 30 September 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Congenital Viral Infections: Mechanisms of Vertical Transmission and Pathology Findings)
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Abstract

The objective was to review the existing literature reporting on spontaneous abortion (SA) and intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) associated with cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. A review using standardized terminology such as ‘intrauterine fetal death’, ‘congenital cytomegalovirus’ and ‘CMV’ was performed using PubMed and Embase (Medline) using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) methodology. Twenty-one studies met inclusion criteria. CMV was identified as a potential or likely factor in a median of 7.1% of SA or IUFD in study cohorts. Of the studies, 11 used fetal remains, 18 used placenta, 6 used serum, and 1 used post-mortem dried blood spot as specimens for testing for CMV. Features commonly observed were fetal thrombotic vasculopathy, hydrops fetalis and chronic villitis. CMV is frequently noted in studies evaluating viral etiologies of SA or IUFD. Large population-based studies are needed to estimate the incidence of CMV-associated SA or IUFD. CMV and congenital CMV should be included on the differential diagnosis in all cases of SA or IUFD of unknown etiology.
Keywords: cytomegalovirus; congenital cytomegalovirus; placenta; spontaneous abortion; intrauterine fetal demise; stillbirth cytomegalovirus; congenital cytomegalovirus; placenta; spontaneous abortion; intrauterine fetal demise; stillbirth
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MDPI and ACS Style

Pesch, M.H.; Mowers, J.; Huynh, A.; Schleiss, M.R. Intrauterine Fetal Demise, Spontaneous Abortion and Congenital Cytomegalovirus: A Systematic Review of the Incidence and Histopathologic Features. Viruses 2024, 16, 1552. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101552

AMA Style

Pesch MH, Mowers J, Huynh A, Schleiss MR. Intrauterine Fetal Demise, Spontaneous Abortion and Congenital Cytomegalovirus: A Systematic Review of the Incidence and Histopathologic Features. Viruses. 2024; 16(10):1552. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101552

Chicago/Turabian Style

Pesch, Megan H., Jonathan Mowers, Anh Huynh, and Mark R. Schleiss. 2024. "Intrauterine Fetal Demise, Spontaneous Abortion and Congenital Cytomegalovirus: A Systematic Review of the Incidence and Histopathologic Features" Viruses 16, no. 10: 1552. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101552

APA Style

Pesch, M. H., Mowers, J., Huynh, A., & Schleiss, M. R. (2024). Intrauterine Fetal Demise, Spontaneous Abortion and Congenital Cytomegalovirus: A Systematic Review of the Incidence and Histopathologic Features. Viruses, 16(10), 1552. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16101552

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