Phage against the Machine: The SIE-ence of Superinfection Exclusion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Prophage Proteins Are Important for Superinfection Exclusion across Many Species
3. Pseudomonas Filamentous Phage Pf Proteins Lead to Deactivated Type IV Pilus to Achieve Superinfection Exclusion
4. Additional Pseudomonas Phage Proteins May Lead to Superinfection Exclusion through the Inhibition of the Type IV Pilus and Other Essential Phage Receptors
5. Other Pathogens of Importance Carry Mechanisms of Superinfection Exclusion with Close Functional Homologs in P. aeruginosa
Bacterial Host | Phage | SIE Mechanism(s) | Involved Phage Genes/Proteins | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|
Escherichia coli | φ80 | Receptor Inactivation | cor | [75] |
Escherichia coli | N15 | Receptor Inactivation | cor | [75] |
Escherichia coli | T4 | DNA Injection Inhibition | Imm, Sp | [78] |
Escherichia coli | Lambda | Lytic Gene Transcription Inhibition | CI | [79,80,81,82,83,84,85,86,87,88,89] |
Cellular Energetics Modulation | RexA, RexB | |||
Escherichia coli | T7 | Host RNA Polymerase Inhibition | Gp2, Gp0.7 | [90,91,92,93,94,95] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Pf4 | Receptor Inactivation | pVII, pVIII, pIII | [38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | D3112 | Receptor Inactivation | Gp05 | [13] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | DMS3 | Receptor Inactivation | Aqs1 | [14] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | vB_Pae_QDWS | Receptor Inactivation | Gp21 | [15] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | D3 | Receptor Inactivation | Oac | [60,61] |
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | φKMV | Host RNA Polymerase Inhibition | Rac | [96,97,98] |
Salmonella enterica | P22 | Receptor Inactivation | gtrA, gtrB, gtrC | [17,69,70,71] |
DNA Injection Inhibition | SieA | |||
Shigella flexneri | SF6 | Receptor Inactivation | gtr | [72,73,74] |
Shigella flexneri | SF101 | Receptor Inactivation | oacB | [73,74] |
6. Fitness Costs Associated with Prophage Induction and SIE Mechanisms
7. Integrated Prophages as a Vector for the Dissemination of Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance
8. Discussion
8.1. Sublethal Concentrations of Antibiotics Facilitate Prophage Induction and SIE
8.2. Consequences of SIE: Host Fitness
8.3. Consequences of SIE: Spread of Virulence
8.4. Consequences of SIE: Clinical Utilization of Phages
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Bucher, M.J.; Czyż, D.M. Phage against the Machine: The SIE-ence of Superinfection Exclusion. Viruses 2024, 16, 1348. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091348
Bucher MJ, Czyż DM. Phage against the Machine: The SIE-ence of Superinfection Exclusion. Viruses. 2024; 16(9):1348. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091348
Chicago/Turabian StyleBucher, Michael J., and Daniel M. Czyż. 2024. "Phage against the Machine: The SIE-ence of Superinfection Exclusion" Viruses 16, no. 9: 1348. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091348