Bafilomycin A1 Inhibits HIV-1 Infection by Disrupting Lysosomal Cholesterol Transport
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Reagents and Antibodies
2.2. Cells, Plasmids, and Viruses
2.3. Cell Viability Assay
2.4. Infection Assays
2.5. Quantification of Reverse Transcription Products and 2-LTR Circles
2.6. Quantification of HIV-1 Integration
2.7. Virus Particle Production Assay
2.8. Intracellular Distribution of Cholesterol
2.9. Immunostaining
2.10. Immunoblotting
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Bafilomycin A1, Chloroquine, and U18666A Inhibit HIV-1 Replication
3.2. Bafilomycin A1 Inhibition of HIV-1 Is Independent of Coreceptor Tropism
3.3. The Antiviral Mechanism of Bafilomycin A1 Is Different from Those of T20 and Zidovudine
3.4. Bafilomycin A1 Inhibits the Late Steps of HIV-1 Infection
3.5. Bafilomycin A1 Causes an Expansion of Lysosomes
3.6. Bafilomycin A1 Causes an Accumulation of Cholesterol in Lysosomes
3.7. Overexpression of the Lysosomal Cholesterol Transporter NPC1 Partially Relieves Bafilomycin A1 Inhibition of HIV-1 Infection
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
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Song, B.; Korolkova, O. Bafilomycin A1 Inhibits HIV-1 Infection by Disrupting Lysosomal Cholesterol Transport. Viruses 2024, 16, 1374. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091374
Song B, Korolkova O. Bafilomycin A1 Inhibits HIV-1 Infection by Disrupting Lysosomal Cholesterol Transport. Viruses. 2024; 16(9):1374. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091374
Chicago/Turabian StyleSong, Byeongwoon, and Olga Korolkova. 2024. "Bafilomycin A1 Inhibits HIV-1 Infection by Disrupting Lysosomal Cholesterol Transport" Viruses 16, no. 9: 1374. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091374