Wastewater Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2: A Comparison of Two Concentration Methods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Sampling Strategy and Procedure
2.2. Wastewater Concentration
2.3. Physicochemical Parameters
2.4. RNA Extraction and RT-qPCR Analysis
2.5. Quantification
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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pH | EC (μS/cm) | COD (mg/L) | BOD (mg/L) | Ptot (mg/L) | NH4N (mg/L) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
MIN | 7 | 577 | 129 | 52 | 7.85 | 7.45 |
MAX | 8.26 | 1397 | 641 | 213 | 17.8 | 12.65 |
MEAN | 7.78 | 989.60 | 360.02 | 140.33 | 11.71 | 10.48 |
MEDIAN | 7.78 | 1007.50 | 366 | 138.50 | 11.73 | 10.53 |
Country | Concentration Method | Estimated Cost | Equipment Requirements | Throughput | Input Volume | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Austria | PEG—NaCl-based precipitation | low cost | ↓ | same day | 250 mL | Daleiden B. et al., 2022 [48] |
Belgium | Ultrafiltration | high cost | ↑ | same day | 50 mL | Bertels X. et al., 2023 [49] |
Czech Republic | PEG—NaCl-based precipitation | low cost | ↓ | overnight step | 500 mL | Sovová K. et al., 2024 [50] |
Finland | Ultrafiltration | high cost | ↑ | same day | 70 mL | Tiwari A. et al., 2022 [51] |
Netherlands | Ultrafiltration | high cost | ↑ | same day | 100–250 mL | Medema G. et al., 2020 [8] |
Izquierdo-Lara R. et al., 2021 [52] | ||||||
Italy | PEG—dextran method | low cost | ↓ | overnight step | 250 mL | La Rosa G. et al., 2020 [20] |
France | Ultrafiltration | high cost | ↑ | same day | 30 mL | Lazuka A. et al., 2021 [53] |
Germany | Direct capture method | high cost | ↑ | same day | 40 mL | Bartel A. et al., 2024 [54] |
Hungary | Ultrafiltration | high cost | ↑ | same day | 50 mL | Róka E. et al., 2021 [55] |
Róka E. et al., 2022 [56] | ||||||
Ireland | Ultrafiltration | high cost | ↑ | same day | 200–250 mL | Reynolds L. et al., 2022 [57] |
Latvia | PEG—NaCl-based precipitation | low cost | ↓ | same day | 135 mL | Dejus B. et al., 2023 [58] |
Luxembourg | Ultrafiltration | high cost | ↑ | same day | 120 mL | Coronastep | Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology [59] |
Slovakia | Ultracentrifugation | high cost | ↑ | same day | 50 mL | Krivonakova N. et al., 2021 [60] |
Spain | Aluminum hydroxide adsorption–precipitation | low cost | ↓ | same day | 200 mL | Protocolos de detección de SARS-CoV-2 en aguas [61] |
Randazzo W. et al., 2020 [22] | ||||||
Sweden | Direct capture method | high cost | ↑ | same day | 40 mL | Perez-Zabaleta M. et al., 2023 [62] |
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Diamanti, C.; Nousis, L.; Bozidis, P.; Koureas, M.; Kyritsi, M.; Markozannes, G.; Simantiris, N.; Panteli, E.; Koutsolioutsou, A.; Tsilidis, K.; et al. Wastewater Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2: A Comparison of Two Concentration Methods. Viruses 2024, 16, 1398. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091398
Diamanti C, Nousis L, Bozidis P, Koureas M, Kyritsi M, Markozannes G, Simantiris N, Panteli E, Koutsolioutsou A, Tsilidis K, et al. Wastewater Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2: A Comparison of Two Concentration Methods. Viruses. 2024; 16(9):1398. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091398
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiamanti, Christina, Lambros Nousis, Petros Bozidis, Michalis Koureas, Maria Kyritsi, George Markozannes, Nikolaos Simantiris, Eirini Panteli, Anastasia Koutsolioutsou, Konstantinos Tsilidis, and et al. 2024. "Wastewater Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2: A Comparison of Two Concentration Methods" Viruses 16, no. 9: 1398. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091398