Dendritic Cells Pulsed with HAM/TSP Exosomes Sensitize CD4 T Cells to Enhance HTLV-1 Infection, Induce Helper T-Cell Polarization, and Decrease Cytotoxic T-Cell Response
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Participant Details
2.2. Cell Lines
2.3. Exosome Preparation and Quantification
2.4. Cell Isolation
2.5. Stimulation Assays
2.6. Flow Cytometry
2.7. Real-Time Quantitative PCR
2.8. Immunoassays
2.9. Immunoblotting
2.10. Honeycomb HIVE CLX
2.11. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Exosomes Derived from HTLV-Infected Cell Lines Elicit Proinflammatory Cytokine Responses in Dendritic Cells
3.2. Exosomes Derived from HTLV-Infected Cell Lines Promote T-Cell Polarization
3.3. Exosomes Derived from Individuals with HTLV-1 and HAM/TSP Impact T-Cell Function
3.4. Patient-Derived Exosomes Stimulate CD4+ T-Cell Polarization
3.5. HAM/TSP Patients Show Increased Th1 and Treg Differentiation after Exosome Stimulation
3.6. OSP2-Derived Exosomes Suppress CD8+ T-Cell Function
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Joseph, J.; Premeaux, T.A.; Tandon, R.; Murphy, E.L.; Bruhn, R.; Nicot, C.; Herrera, B.B.; Lemenze, A.; Alatrash, R.; Baffour Tonto, P.; et al. Dendritic Cells Pulsed with HAM/TSP Exosomes Sensitize CD4 T Cells to Enhance HTLV-1 Infection, Induce Helper T-Cell Polarization, and Decrease Cytotoxic T-Cell Response. Viruses 2024, 16, 1443. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091443
Joseph J, Premeaux TA, Tandon R, Murphy EL, Bruhn R, Nicot C, Herrera BB, Lemenze A, Alatrash R, Baffour Tonto P, et al. Dendritic Cells Pulsed with HAM/TSP Exosomes Sensitize CD4 T Cells to Enhance HTLV-1 Infection, Induce Helper T-Cell Polarization, and Decrease Cytotoxic T-Cell Response. Viruses. 2024; 16(9):1443. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091443
Chicago/Turabian StyleJoseph, Julie, Thomas A. Premeaux, Ritesh Tandon, Edward L. Murphy, Roberta Bruhn, Christophe Nicot, Bobby Brooke Herrera, Alexander Lemenze, Reem Alatrash, Prince Baffour Tonto, and et al. 2024. "Dendritic Cells Pulsed with HAM/TSP Exosomes Sensitize CD4 T Cells to Enhance HTLV-1 Infection, Induce Helper T-Cell Polarization, and Decrease Cytotoxic T-Cell Response" Viruses 16, no. 9: 1443. https://doi.org/10.3390/v16091443