Inorganic Nanoparticles Applied for Active Targeted Photodynamic Therapy of Breast Cancer
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Conventional Treatments of Breast Cancer
3. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) and Photosensitizers (PSs)
4. Mechanisms of Photodynamic Therapy
5. Passive and Active Targeting PS Uptake Strategies
6. Nanoparticle Delivery Systems for PDT
7. Types of Inorganic NPs Utilized for Active Breast Cancer Targeting PDT Treatments
7.1. Noble Metal Nanoparticles
Inorganic NPs | Properties | Structure | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Gold NPs | High surface to volume ratio, easy functionalization with antibodies, suitable for passive and active targeting, near infrared absorption, localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) characteristics | | [34] |
Magnetic NPs | Selective destruction of cancer cells due to heat release, superparamagnetism, and high field irreversibility | | [35] |
Carbon-based NPs | High strength, electron affinity, water solubility, and biocompatibility | | [36,37] |
Quantum dots | Broad excitation and narrow emission spectra, with high quantum yields and photostability | | [38] |
Silica NPs | High biocompatibility and stability, with easy surface functionalization | | [28] |
Upconversion NPs | Used for the treatment of deep-seated tumors and exhibit lower phototoxicity | | [28,39] |
Ceramic NPs | Controlled release of drugs, easy incorporation of hydrophilic and hydrophobic drugs, with high loading capacity | | [40] |
7.2. Magnetic Nanoparticles
7.3. Carbon-Based Nanoparticles
7.4. Semiconductor Quantum Dots (QDs)
7.5. Ceramic Nanoparticles
7.5.1. Silica Nanoparticles
7.5.2. Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles
7.6. Other Inorganic Nanoparticles
7.7. Upconversion Nanoparticles
8. Conclusions and Perspectives
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Montaseri, H.; Kruger, C.A.; Abrahamse, H. Inorganic Nanoparticles Applied for Active Targeted Photodynamic Therapy of Breast Cancer. Pharmaceutics 2021, 13, 296. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13030296
Montaseri H, Kruger CA, Abrahamse H. Inorganic Nanoparticles Applied for Active Targeted Photodynamic Therapy of Breast Cancer. Pharmaceutics. 2021; 13(3):296. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13030296
Chicago/Turabian StyleMontaseri, Hanieh, Cherie Ann Kruger, and Heidi Abrahamse. 2021. "Inorganic Nanoparticles Applied for Active Targeted Photodynamic Therapy of Breast Cancer" Pharmaceutics 13, no. 3: 296. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13030296