Stand-Alone Battery Thermal Management for Fast Charging of Electric Two Wheelers—Integrated Busbar Cooling †
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. State of the Art
2.1. Automotive Battery Cooling Systems
2.2. Air Cooling in Electric Two-Wheelers
3. Stand-Alone Battery Thermal Management
3.1. Integration of Battery Thermal Management in Drivetrain Cooling Circuits
3.2. Increasing the Performance and Efficiency and Using Alternative Refrigerants
3.3. Noise Reduction
3.4. Reduction of Refrigerant Charge
3.5. Decreased Water Condensation on Cooling Structures
3.6. Additional Components
3.7. Flammability of Alternative Refrigerants
4. Integrated Busbar Cooling
4.1. Boundary Conditions
4.2. Geometric Variations
4.3. Target Values
4.4. Methodology
4.5. Results
4.5.1. Module Temperatures
4.5.2. Evaporation Temperature
4.5.3. Energy Density
4.6. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Refrigerant | R290 (Propane) |
---|---|
Mass flow | 3.34 g/s |
Inlet pressure/inlet temperature | 8.36 bar/20 °C |
Inlet vapor fraction | 0.26 |
Axial heat conduction coefficient | 35 W/mK |
Radial heat conduction coefficient | 1.25 W/mK |
Variable | Mesh 1 | Mesh 2 | Mesh 3 |
---|---|---|---|
No. of elements | 11,188,218 | 4,595,763 | 2,710,836 |
Average cell temperature | 22.056 °C | 22.04 °C | 21.91 °C |
GCI (safety factor: 1.25) | GCI12: 0.013% | GCI23: 0.104% | |
22.069 | |||
Error Band | 0.013% |
Channel Patter | Volumetric Energy Density | Gravimetric Energy Density |
---|---|---|
Channel pattern 1 | 241 Wh/litre | 199 Wh/kg |
Channel pattern 2 | 263 Wh/litre | 201 Wh/kg |
Channel pattern 3 | 241 Wh/litre | 199 Wh/kg |
18650 cells | 653 Wh/litre | 225 Wh/kg |
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Mayer, B.; Schier, M.; Friedrich, H.E. Stand-Alone Battery Thermal Management for Fast Charging of Electric Two Wheelers—Integrated Busbar Cooling. World Electr. Veh. J. 2019, 10, 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj10020037
Mayer B, Schier M, Friedrich HE. Stand-Alone Battery Thermal Management for Fast Charging of Electric Two Wheelers—Integrated Busbar Cooling. World Electric Vehicle Journal. 2019; 10(2):37. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj10020037
Chicago/Turabian StyleMayer, Bastian, Michael Schier, and Horst E. Friedrich. 2019. "Stand-Alone Battery Thermal Management for Fast Charging of Electric Two Wheelers—Integrated Busbar Cooling" World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, no. 2: 37. https://doi.org/10.3390/wevj10020037