Mucosal Immunity and Trained Innate Immunity of the Gut
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Search Strategy
3. Brief Overview of the Gastrointestinal (GI) Immune System
4. Mucosal Immune Responses in the Gut and the Novel Concept of Trained Immunity
5. Mechanisms of Trained Immunity
6. Disorders Affecting Gastrointestinal Immunity with a Focus on Mucosal Immunity
6.1. Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD)
6.2. Infectious Diseases and Mucosal Immunity
6.3. Influence of Dysregulated Immunity on Gut Disorders
6.4. Gut Disorders and Trained Innate Immunity
7. Therapeutic Implications for Gut Mucosal Immunity Modulation
8. Challenges and Future Perspectives in Mucosal Immunity and Trained Innate Immunity
8.1. Current Challenges in Understanding and Investigating Gut Immunity
8.2. Emerging Trends and Future Directions in Research
9. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Model | Characteristics | Advantages | Limitations |
---|---|---|---|
Murine Models | Inbred mice strains (e.g., BALB/c, C57BL/6); genetically modified mice | Controlled genetic background; extensive immunological tools | Differences from human immunity; ethical concerns |
Gnotobiotic Mice | Germ-free or defined microbial communities | Allows study of host-microbiota interactions in a controlled setting | Technically challenging; expensive; limited availability |
Humanized Mouse Models | Mice engrafted with human immune cells/tissues | Reflects human immune response; useful for studying human-specific pathogens | High cost; limited lifespan of human cells in mice; complex to establish |
Organoid Cultures | 3D culture systems derived from human or animal gut stem cells | Mimics human gut tissue architecture and function; high throughput | Lack of complete immune system interaction; variability in protocols |
In vitro Cell Culture | Epithelial cell lines, immune cells (e.g., dendritic cells, macrophages) | Controlled environment; cost-effective; high reproducibility | Simplistic; lacks tissue complexity and systemic immune interactions |
Zebrafish Models | Transparent larvae; genetic manipulation possible | Visualize immune responses in real-time; cost-effective | Differences with mammalian immune system; limited antibodies/tools |
Porcine Models | Pigs with similar gastrointestinal physiology to humans | Relevant to human gut physiology; size allows surgical techniques | High maintenance cost; ethical concerns; less developed genetic tools |
Non-Human Primates | Species closely related to humans | Closest physiological and immunological model to humans | Ethical concerns; high cost; limited availability |
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Velikova, T.; Kaouri, I.E.; Bakopoulou, K.; Gulinac, M.; Naydenova, K.; Dimitrov, M.; Peruhova, M.; Lazova, S. Mucosal Immunity and Trained Innate Immunity of the Gut. Gastroenterol. Insights 2024, 15, 661-675. https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent15030048
Velikova T, Kaouri IE, Bakopoulou K, Gulinac M, Naydenova K, Dimitrov M, Peruhova M, Lazova S. Mucosal Immunity and Trained Innate Immunity of the Gut. Gastroenterology Insights. 2024; 15(3):661-675. https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent15030048
Chicago/Turabian StyleVelikova, Tsvetelina, Issa El Kaouri, Konstantina Bakopoulou, Milena Gulinac, Kremena Naydenova, Martin Dimitrov, Milena Peruhova, and Snezhina Lazova. 2024. "Mucosal Immunity and Trained Innate Immunity of the Gut" Gastroenterology Insights 15, no. 3: 661-675. https://doi.org/10.3390/gastroent15030048