Human Toxocariasis in Portugal—An Overview of a Neglected Zoonosis over the Last Decade (2010–2020)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. ELISA and CIE
3.2. Distribution along the Decade
3.3. Distribution by Age and Sex
3.4. Distribution by Provenance of the Samples
3.5. Distribution by Medical Specialties
3.6. Features Reported by Clinicians
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Specialty | Tested Samples (n) | Positive Samples (n) | Positivity (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Pediatrics | 275 | 66 | 41.5 |
Infectiology | 210 | 41 | 25.8 |
Internal medicine | 62 | 9 | 5.7 |
Travel medicine | 53 | 6 | 3.8 |
Hematology | 15 | 6 | 3.8 |
Pulmonology | 56 | 5 | 3.1 |
Gastroenterology | 23 | 5 | 3.1 |
Orthopedics | 32 | 2 | 1.3 |
Ophthalmology | 18 | 2 | 1.3 |
Pediatric cardiology | 2 | 2 | 1.3 |
Clinical pathology | 21 | 1 | 0.6 |
Rheumatology | 8 | 1 | 0.6 |
Immunoallergology | 7 | 1 | 0.6 |
Pediatric surgery | 2 | 1 | 0.6 |
Neurology | 7 | 0 | 0 |
Dermatology | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Nephrology | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Otorhinolaryngology | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Psychiatry | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Radiation oncology | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Unknown | 50 | 11 | 6.58 |
Total | 846 | 159 | 18.8 |
Clinical Manifestations | Tested Samples (n) | Positive Samples (n) | Positivity/Overall (%) |
---|---|---|---|
Peripheral blood eosinophilia | 167 | 44 | 5.2 |
Hepatic nodule(s) | 10 | 6 | 0.7 |
Hepatosplenomegaly/splenomegaly/hepatomegaly | 13 | 5 | 0.6 |
Fever | 19 | 5 | 0.6 |
Elevated level of total immunoglobulin E | 14 | 4 | 0.5 |
Unilateral uveitis/retinitis/chorioretinitis | 18 | 4 | 0.5 |
Cough/wheezing | 8 | 3 | 0.4 |
Abdominal pain | 10 | 3 | 0.4 |
Pruritus/skin rash/dermatitis | 19 | 3 | 0.4 |
Convulsions | 1 | 1 | 0.1 |
Bronchospasm | 4 | 1 | 0.1 |
Weight loss | 10 | 1 | 0.1 |
Persistent diarrhea | 21 | 1 | 0.1 |
Suspected cerebral lesion(s) | 7 | 0 | 0 |
Emesis | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Lymphadenopathy | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Pulmonary eosinophilia | 5 | 0 | 0 |
Central nervous system infection | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Habits | |||
Cat/dog contact | 11 | 2 | 0.2 |
Undercooked meat consumption | 4 | 1 | 0.1 |
Soil contact | 2 | 0 | 0 |
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Alho, A.M.; Ferreira, P.M.; Clemente, I.; Grácio, M.A.A.; Belo, S. Human Toxocariasis in Portugal—An Overview of a Neglected Zoonosis over the Last Decade (2010–2020). Infect. Dis. Rep. 2021, 13, 938-948. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr13040086
Alho AM, Ferreira PM, Clemente I, Grácio MAA, Belo S. Human Toxocariasis in Portugal—An Overview of a Neglected Zoonosis over the Last Decade (2010–2020). Infectious Disease Reports. 2021; 13(4):938-948. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr13040086
Chicago/Turabian StyleAlho, Ana Margarida, Pedro Manuel Ferreira, Isabel Clemente, Maria Amélia Afonso Grácio, and Silvana Belo. 2021. "Human Toxocariasis in Portugal—An Overview of a Neglected Zoonosis over the Last Decade (2010–2020)" Infectious Disease Reports 13, no. 4: 938-948. https://doi.org/10.3390/idr13040086